9.1 Apart from in one exceptional case, arbitrators are capable of being given the exclusive power to determine the legal consequences of all of aspects of the dispute between the parties; whether or not such power has been given depends upon the proper construction of the arbitration agreement and upon whether the power of the courts to review a decision for error of law under s 69 of the Arbitration Act 1996 has been excluded. The exception relates to the very jurisdiction of the arbitrators to hear the dispute. Jurisdictional issues can arise in a number of contexts, but for the purposes of the 1996 Act a question of jurisdiction is, under s 30(1) of the Act, any of the following, referred to as the “substantive jurisdiction” of the arbitrators.1