Maritime Labour Convention 2006
INDEX
INDEX
- accommodation
- age
- minimum age for seafarers 31–2, 54, 185
- young seafarers (16–18), additional protection for 32, 54
- American Yacht Charter Association (AYCA)
- Vessel Services Agreement 84–5
- Atkinson, Neil 215–37
- Carlton, Julie 215–37
- Cayman Islands 135
- Chamber of Shipping, UK 72–3
- choice of law see Rome I; Rome II
- compensation see wages and compensation
- complaints procedures 55
- on board complaint procedures 43–4, 67, 93–4, 173–5
- impartial advice, provision of 174
- procedure 174
- purpose of procedures 173
- subject matter of complaint 173
- superyachts 94
- victimization of complainant penalised 94, 174–5
- onshore complaint procedures 43–4, 175–6
- complaints of a general and individual nature 175
- rectifying non-conformities 176
- safeguarding confidentiality 175
- subject matter of complaint 175
- unresolved complaints 176
- self-enforcement procedures, as 172–6
- concept of continuity of ‘compliance awareness’ 172
- on board complaint procedures 43–4, 67, 93–4, 173–5
- Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
- AETR agreement as part of Community law 9–10
- consistent interpretation, principle of 10–11
- Council decision to authorize ratification, effects of 11
- ‘course of trade’, meaning of 70
- duty of loyal cooperation
- Member States unable to assume o bligations interfering with EU rules 8
- principle of uniform external representation, and 5
- restrictions on treaty making powers of Member States 5, 8
- employment contracts 191–4, 203
- EU competence exercised through Member States acting in EU’s interests 5
- guided by duty of loyal cooperation 5–6
- EU measures covering subject matter of international agreement, effect of 4
- implementation, principle of, 10
- implied external powers, doctrine of 3
- MLC in EU legal order, status and effects of 11–12, 17
- obligations to ratify 6
- proportionality, principle of 13, 14
- central element of EU law and practice 14
- subsidiarity principle, judicial function of 13–14
- crew see seafarers
- crewing insurance under the MLC 95–116
- applicable law and jurisdiction 102
- foundering 112–13
- health protection 110–12
- insolvent insureds 109
- insurable interest 100–1
- joint or composite policies 101–2
- jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance 105–8
- legal framework and character of the policy 98–100
- MLC
- insurance, and 95–6
- precursors of MLC 111
- repatriation 108–10
- rights of seafarers to claim directly under the policy in the UK 113–15
- third party rights, overview 113
- third party rights, 2010 Act on 115
- risks policy should cover 108
- Rome I and II and the employment contract 102–3
- Rome I and II and the insurance policy 103–5
- Rome I 104
- Rome II 104–5
- seafarers, definition of 97–9
- what type of insurance
- employer’s liability insurance 99–100
- liability policies 100
- marine insurance contracts 99
- who is the insured 97
- who is the insurer 96–7
- disputes, jurisdiction in see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- Doumbia-Henry, Dr Cleopatra 152
- employment conditions of seafarers 26–30
- accommodation see accommodation
- clear information available as to conditions of employment 30
- complaints procedures see complaints procedures
- engaging and placing crew 25–6
- fees and charges to seafarers prohibited 26
- health and safety protection see under health
- masters, engagement of see under shipmasters and the MLC
- masters’ responsibilities see under shipmasters and the MLC
- medical care see under health
- minimum hours of rest/hours of work 34, 35, 57, 59, 85–8, 185
- provisions, food and water 42–3
- record keeping for each seafarer 32, 55–7
- recreational facilities 62
- repatriation see repatriation
- safe manning levels see manning
- SEA see Seafarers’ Employment Agreement (SEA)
- shipboard working arrangements to be posted 32
- social security protection 110, 178
- termination 36–8
- training and qualifications 33–4, 54, 60, 83–5
- wages see wages and compensation
- employment contracts 188
- enforcement procedures of the MLC 151–80, 234–5
- authorization of recognized organizations by competent authority 156–7, 159–60
- assessing competency and independence of organizations 159–60
- written agreement with the competent authority 160
- competent authority 155–9
- authorizing institutions to carry out inspections/issue certificates 156–7, 159–60
- existing provisions amalgamated 154
- on board complaint procedures 158
- promoting effective cooperation between institutions and other bodies 157
- qualified inspectors, appointing 157–8
- reporting on inspection activities 158–9
- states designating 155–6
- flag state enforcement 155–9
- inspections by flag state 165–9
- labour-supplying responsibilities 176–9, 235
- recruitment and placement services 176–8
- shipowners’ social security obligations 178
- ‘no more favourable treatment’ clause 153–4, 235
- port State enforcement 169–72, 222
- self-enforcement procedures 172–6
- authorization of recognized organizations by competent authority 156–7, 159–60
- engaging crew 25–6
- see also employment conditions of seafarers
- European Community Shipowners’ Associations (ECSA) 13, 135
- European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF) 13, 135
- European Union (EU)
- agreements 2
- mixed 2, 7–9
- choice of law see Rome I; Rome II
- CJEU see Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
- competences
- Council decisions, nature of 6
- disputes, SEA see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- duty of loyal cooperation 4–5
- Member States acting in EU’s interests 5, 7–8
- nature of 4
- responsibility towards the EU 7
- responsibility towards third States 7
- restrictions on treaty making powers of Member States 5
- employment contracts 188
- equality and non-discrimination as f undamental principle 11
- EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR) 11–12
- ILO standards influencing 11
- freedom of movement and services 2, 3
- ILO, role in
- observer, presence as 5–6
- unable to be a Contracting party 1, 6
- IMO conventions, ratifying 9
- implied external powers, doctrine of 3
- minimum standards 4
- insurance
- intellectual property and copyright 10
- internal consultation processes between EU and Member States 5
- Jurisdiction Regulation see Jurisdiction Regulation
- maritime labour, regulation of 3
- coinciding with/based on ILO standards 3
- duty of abstention 4
- minimum standards 3–4
- Member States acting jointly in interest of the Union 5–11, 135, 236
- encouraging or authorizing ratification, choice between 9
- Member States authorized to ratify agreements in interests of the EU 6
- Member States unable to bind Union under international law 6
- obligation to ratify, criteria determining 6
- obligation to ratify, justification for 7
- ratification by Member States, effects of 7–8, 11
- ratified agreement part of EU legal order 8–9, 11
- MLC, in see Maritime Labour Convention in the EU
- proportionality, principle of 13–14
- recreational craft 72
- ‘sheltered waters’ meaning of 71–2
- social policy 12–13
- representative democracy and participation in social field 12–13
- social partners, consultation with 13
- social security
- coordination of social security schemes 2
- ensuring social security systems not obstacle to free movement of workers 2
- non-EU nationals legally residing in an EU country 2
- rights of EU nationals 2
- seafarers see under seafarers
- social rights/objectives 3
- maritime sector excluded 3
- subsidiarity, principle of 13–14
- uniform external representation, principle of 5
- agreements 2
- foundering or loss
- France 106
- Germany 105–6
- governing law, SEA see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- Greece 135
- health
- health and safety protection 110–12
- accident prevention 65
- death or long term disability 111
- occupational safety and health 65
- hospital accommodation 62
- medical care 63–6, 110, 145–8
- aboard and off-shore 64–5
- capture by pirates, after see under modern piracy and seafarers
- concealed illnesses 112
- dependents’ medical care 65
- EU legislation 4
- injury or sickness due to misconduct 112
- master’s duties 64
- medical advice by radio/satellite 65
- on board physicians 65
- repatriation, until after 145
- shipowner liable until seafarer fit to travel 143
- shipowner’s obligations 145–7
- wages payable during periods of sickness and injury 146–7
- medical certificates and examinations 32–3, 54
- medical stores 40–2
- health and safety protection 110–12
- increased seafarer protection under the MLC see under seafarers
- industrial action 198–9, 206–8
- insurance
- abandonment see seafarer abandonment insurance
- crewing insurance see crewing insurance under the MLC
- kidnap and ransom insurance 141
- International Chamber of Commerce 138
- International Council of Marine Industry A ssociations (ICOMIA) 90
- International Group of P&I Clubs 110, 122, 124
- International Labour Conference 74, 75, 152
- International Labour Office 73, 75
- International Labour Organization (ILO) 47, 222
- EU
- observer, presence as 5–6
- unable to be a Contracting party 1, 6
- ILO/IMO Expert Working Group on seafarer abandonment 119–20
- ILO/WHO guidelines on medical fitness examinations 33
- instruments adopted 21
- international supervisory system 154–5
- Joint Maritime Commission 57, 73
- Malta 19
- MLC adopted 21
- Office 154
- recommendations consolidated by MLC 1, 47
- resolutions 75
- seafarers’ working times 4
- EU
- International Maritime Bureau (IMB) 138
- International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 7
- International Seafarers’ Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) 73
- Joint Maritime Commission 57, 73
- jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining 181–213
- choice of law/governing law 200–12
- industrial action 198–9, 206–8
- jurisdiction/Jurisdiction Regulation 182, 189–200
- Arts 22 and 23, jurisdiction under 196–8
- contracts of employment, matters relating to 190–1
- general rule 189
- industrial action 198–9
- insurance 105–8
- jurisdiction agreements (Art 21) 196
- prorogation of jurisdiction 199–200
- seafarer v shipowner in SEA disputes 192–5
- shipowner v seafarer in SEA disputes 195–6
- recruitment services as employers 186–7
- seafarers as employees 184–5
- seafarers’ employment agreements as individual contracts of employment 188–9
- shipowners as employers 185–6
- terms of art 183–9
- Jurisdiction Regulation 182, 189–200
- leave
- justified absences 36
- leave, entitlement to 35–6
- paid leave 58
- shore leave 66
- Liberia 135
- Lloyd’s of London 99
- abandonment insurance 132–3
- definition of ‘sheltered waters’ 71
- reserves 100
- loss or foundering see foundering or loss
- Malta 19–45
- applicability of 1973 Act and of 2013 Rules 22–4
- aim of Rules 23
- applying to all sea-going registered ships 22
- exemptions/exclusions 22–3
- Guidelines 23
- interpretation and ambiguities 23–4
- agreements with seafarers, content of 30–1
- parties agreeing own lawful terms and conditions 30
- requirements 30–1
- seafarer’s details/terms of employment 30
- signing the SEA 30
- voyage duration 31
- wages and hours of work 35
- employment of seafarers, conditions of 26–30
- Agreement with the Crew 26–30, 38–9
- current rules on engagement and duties of masters 29
- current rules on engagement of seafarers 26–7
- historic treatment of masters 29
- increased burden on shipowners and m asters 30
- master’s engagement and responsibility 29–30
- masters/shipowners’ obligations in respect of the SEA 28
- SEA 27–30
- ILO conventions, ratification of 19, 24
- ratification and transposition of MLC 19, 21, 22, 24
- MLC
- overview of Maltese shipping legislative f ramework 20–1
- seafarers
- accommodation 43
- additional protection for seafarers between 16 and 18 years 31–2, 42
- agreements with seafarers, content of 30–1
- complaints procedures, on-shore and on-board 43–4
- employment of seafarers, conditions of 26–30
- engaging and placing crew 25–6
- employment agencies 25
- justified absences 36
- leave entitlement 35–6
- medical certificates and examinations 32–3
- medical stores 40–2
- minimum age for seafarers 31–2
- minimum hours of rest 34
- minimum wage and overtime 34–5
- protection of seafarers’ employment rights 26
- provisions and water 42–3
- record of seafarers’ daily hours of rest to be maintained 32
- repatriation 38–40
- shipboard working arrangements to be posted 32
- termination 36–8
- training and qualifications 33–4
- shipping registry 19
- successful and reputable flag of choice 19
- applicability of 1973 Act and of 2013 Rules 22–4
- manning 81–5
- manning agents 127–8
- Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)
- establishment 215
- functions 215
- implementing the MLC 71, 215, 222–34
- ship inspections 229–34
- MLC provisions
- application of MLC 71
- complaint procedures 94
- crew accommodation 88–93, 225
- financial security 109
- guidance on 218, 232
- hours of work and rest 85–7
- manning 81–5
- national law covering most MLC minimum standards 185, 218, 223
- on board complaints procedure 94
- SEAs 79–80
- ‘shipowner’, definition of 76–8
- training and qualification requirements 84
- yachts 90–1, 225, 229
- negotiations leading to adoption of MLC, involvement in 216
- ratification of MLC
- advantages 217
- legal status quo, effect on 222
- preparing for 135, 215–7
- Maritime Labour Certificate and Declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance (DMLC) 48, 76, 153, 160–5, 232–4
- cease and withdrawal of certificates 165
- databases 234
- duration and renewal 162
- financial security, proof of 112
- form and content 163–4
- fraudulent certificates 233–4
- inspecting and certifying ships 153, 155
- interim certification 162–3
- ships required to carry 160
- ships requiring certification 161
- working and living conditions of seafarers to be inspected 161
- Maritime Labour Conference 220
- Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 1, 3
- amending 222
- consolidating previous instruments 1, 121, 151, 218–9
- drafting 152
- enforcement procedures see enforcement p rocedures of the MLC
- EU see Maritime Labour Convention in the EU
- future 134
- human rights 42
- insurance see insurance
- ISM Code, and 227–8
- objectives 47, 121–2, 151–2
- ratification and implementation 134–6
- rights of seafarers, masters and owners 47–8
- see also seafarers; shipmasters; shipowners
- ships and vessels
- underlying purpose of MLC 21
- yachting see yachting and the MLC
- Maritime Labour Convention in the EU 1–17
- disputes, SEA see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- EU ensuring coordinated position of Member States in MLC negotiations 1, 5–6
- EU and Member States competences in areas covered by the MLC 2–5
- duty of loyal cooperation 4–5
- EU’s exclusive competence limited to social security schemes 2, 6, 7
- importance of coordination at all stages 5
- MLC covering issues on which EU has provided minimum standards 4, 6
- shared competences in social rights 2, 3, 6
- EU Member States acting jointly in interest of the Union 5–11, 135, 236
- Member States bound by duty of c ooperation to act in EU’s interests 8
- Member States ratifying in interests of the Community 6
- Member States unable to support a mendments without EU agreement 8
- obligation to ratify, criteria determining 6–7
- ratification by Member States, effects of 7–8, 11
- ratified agreement part of EU legal order 8–9, 11
- MLC in the EU legal order, status and effects of 11–12, 17, 135
- transposition into EU law: Directive 2009/13/EC (Titles 1 to 4 MLC) 12–17, 40, 135, 236
- masters see shipmasters
- medical care see under health
- modern piracy and seafarers 137–50
- compensation of seafarers for loss or f oundering 143–6
- compensation for ill-effects of capture 144, 145
- meaning of loss of a vessel 143–4
- ransom, inability to pay 144
- medical care aboard and ashore 145–8
- ransom payments
- crews, for 137–9
- economic sanctions preventing payment 144
- inability to pay 138, 144
- insurance for 141
- repatriation of seafarers 140–3
- seafarers’ wages 138–40, 148
- Somali piracy, problems growing from 137–8
- crew ransoms 137–8
- compensation of seafarers for loss or f oundering 143–6
- MYBA 73, 90
- Worldwide Yachting Association Charter A greement 70, 77, 83–4, 88
- Nautilus International 73
- Norway 135
- owners see shipowners
- P&I clubs 122–4
- Panama 135
- Philippines 134
- piracy see modern piracy and seafarers
- Plimsoll, Samuel 50
- Professional Yachtsmen’s Association (PYA) 73, 90
- provisions, food and water 42, 63
- ransom payments see under modern piracy and seafarers
- record keeping for each seafarer 32, 55, 56, 57
- recreational facilities 62
- recruitment agencies 25–6, 54–3, 176–8, 222
- recruitment services as employers 186–7
- repatriation 55, 140–3, 148–9
- capture by pirates, after 140–3
- compensation for working in high risk areas 142
- costs of repatriation 142
- entitlement to repatriation 141–2
- medical expenses for injury until r epatriation 145
- seafarer no longer able to carry out duties 140–1
- shipowner’s failure to meet obligations 141
- right to repatriation after contract of employment has expired 140
- war zones 142
- costs of 125–6, 142, 145
- destinations for repatriation 58
- entitlement to repatriation at owner’s expense 38–9, 58, 108–9, 125–6, 141–2
- expiry of contract of employment, right to repatriation after 140
- insurance for 108–10, 125–6
- loss of entitlement to repatriation at owner’s expense 40
- medical expenses for injury until after r epatriation 145
- seafarer no longer able to carry out duties 140–3
- shipowners
- third party effecting repatriation 40, 58, 141
- wages payable until repatriation 125, 142, 146
- capture by pirates, after 140–3
- Rome I
- Rome II
- Royal Yachting Association (UK) 73
- Russia 134
- seafarer abandonment insurance 117–36
- abandonment, consequences to crew of 117–18
- covered losses 125–8
- evidence of cover 125
- example insurance solution: CrewSEACURE 129–33
- historical perspective 118–19
- case study: Adriatic tankers 118–19
- ILO/IMO Expert Working Group on seafarer abandonment 119–20, 122
- IMO resolution A. 930(22) 120–1, 124–6
- insurance solution 122–5
- Lloyd’s of London, solution in 132–3
- MLC
- other considerations 128–9
- seafarers
- employees, as 184
- EU legislation 6, 12
- medical care on board ships 4
- occupational health and safety 4
- social partners’ agreement on seafarers’ working times 4, 12, 14
- social rights 2
- increased protection for seafarers under MLC 26
- accommodation see accommodation
- clear information available as to conditions of employment 30
- communication facilities on board 65
- compensation for loss or foundering 59, 113, 143–5
- complaints procedures see complaints procedures
- conditions of employment of crew 26–30
- consular protection 66
- death or long term disability, financial s ecurity for 111–12
- engaging and placing crew 25–6
- health and safety protection see under health
- hospital accommodation 62
- fees and charges to seafarers prohibited 26
- justified absences 36
- leave see leave
- master placed at par with other seafarers 30, 50, 53
- medical care see under health
- medical certificates and examinations 32–3, 54
- medical stores 40–2
- minimum age for seafarers 31–2, 54, 185
- minimum hours of rest/hours of work 34–5, 57, 59, 85–7, 185
- minimum wage and overtime 34–5, 56–7
- more efficient, adequate, accountable s ystem for finding employment 26
- noise 43, 61–2
- personal safety 85
- provisions, food and water 42, 63
- record keeping for each seafarer 32, 55–7
- recreational facilities 62
- recruitment/recruitment agencies, system for 25–6, 54–5, 176–8, 222
- religious accommodation 62
- repatriation see repatriation
- safe manning levels see manning
- SEA see Seafarers’ Employment Agreement (SEA)
- shipboard working arrangements to be posted 32
- social security and welfare protection 110, 110–11, 178
- termination 36–8
- training and qualifications 33–4, 54, 60, 83–5
- wages see wages and compensation
- welfare facilities, shore-based 66
- yachting see yachting and the MLC
- young seafarers (16–18), additional p rotection for 31–2, 42, 54
- insurance see insurance
- manning see manning
- masters see shipmasters and the MLC
- meaning of ‘seafarer’ 73–5, 97–8, 184–5, 220–1
- piracy, and see modern piracy and seafarers
- SEA see Seafarers’ Employment Agreement (SEA)
- yachting see yachting and the MLC
- Seafarers’ Employment Agreement (SEA) 20, 27–30
- bespoke SEAs for commercial yachting 80
- contents of the agreements 30–1, 78
- deficiencies in SEA, shipowner responsible for 29
- definition 27–8, 188
- disputes arising see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- duty to ensure seafarer understands the SEA 29–30
- harmonization of minimum standards 28
- hours of work and wages 35
- including contract of employment and ship’s articles of agreement 27, 28
- individual contracts of employment, and 188
- masters, engaging 29
- master’s responsibility to ensure SEA signed with seafarer 29–30
- minimum SEA in MLC 28
- parties agreeing own lawful terms and c onditions 30
- repatriation after expiry/termination of SEA 39
- requirements 28
- responsibility on shipowners for working c onditions of seafarers 28
- right not to be discriminated against 78
- seafarer’s details/terms of employment 31
- shipowner, identification of 76
- signing the SEA 30
- termination provisions 37
- time to examine the SEA 80
- voyage duration 31
- Seafarers International Research Centre (SIRC) 84
- shipmasters and the MLC 47–68
- accommodations, recreational facilities and catering (Title 3) 61–3
- competence of master 84–5
- local knowledge 85
- conditions of employment (Title 2) 55–60
- consolidating primacy and protection of master in command 48
- importance of masters 49
- duties of masters 50–3
- health protection, medical care, welfare, and social security (Title 4) 63–6
- licence or certificate, requirement of 52, 66
- master’s engagement and responsibility 29–30, 67
- Competent Authority Afloat, master as 51–3, 55
- decisions, right to make 52–3
- duties, nature of 50–3
- enforcing rights/performing duties under flag State law 50–3
- express and implied rights and duties 50, 53
- international maritime law affecting the master 51
- legal responsibilities of master, general 48
- ministerial authority afloat 53
- position of masters historically 50
- relationship with flag State and with owner 50–3, 57, 67
- rights and duties as a seafarer 30, 50, 52
- safety of the vessel, maintaining 52
- minimum requirements for seafarers to work on a ship (Title 1) 54–5
- SEAs
- shipowners
- benefits from MLC 219–22
- definition of ‘shipowner’ 76–8, 185–6
- yacht owners 77–8
- employers, as 185–6
- insurance see insurance
- masters, and 29, 41, 67
- appointing suitable masters 84–5
- masters as employees-at-will 50, 51
- SEAs
- disputes see jurisdiction and governing law in SEA disputes, determining
- increased burden from 30
- obligations in respect of 28
- seafarers, and
- health protection 110
- hours of work and rest 87–8
- manning levels, duty to ensure safe 60
- medical examinations of seafarers 33
- medical stores 40
- provisions and water 42–3
- repatriation see repatriation
- responsibility on shipowners for working conditions 28
- social security protection obligations 178
- termination of crew 28, 36–8
- training and qualifications of seafarers, responsibilities for 33–4
- upholding seafarers’ rights 219
- verifying age of seafarers 32
- social security and welfare protection 110–12
- EU 2
- shipowners’ obligations 178
- Somali piracy see under modern piracy and seafarers
- Superyacht Builders Association (SYBAss) 90
- Superyacht UK 73
- superyachts see yachting and the MLC
- United Kingdom
- Chamber of Shipping 72–3
- commercial activities, meaning of 70
- ILO Conventions, ratified 217
- MLC see under Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)
- ‘inland waters’, definition of 71
- insurance
- direct actions only where insured insolvent 105
- foundering 112–13
- insolvent insureds 109–10
- insurable interest 100–1
- insurers 96–7
- joint or composite policies 101–2
- jurisdiction 105–8
- legal framework 98
- marine insurance contracts 99
- rights of seafarers to claim directly under the policy 113–15
- third party rights, overview 113–15
- third party rights, 2010 Act on 113–14
- jurisdiction in matters relating to individual contracts of employment 189–90
- labour-supplying States, as 236
- MCA see Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)
- piracy causing loss of a ship 143–4
- ‘pleasure vessel’, definition of 70
- risk assessments and safety policies 83
- ‘sheltered waters’ meaning of 72
- ‘shipowner’, meaning of 76–7
- ‘yachts’, meaning of 71
- United States
- MLC ratification 135
- ransom payments 144
- wages and compensation 220
- compensation for ill-effects of capture 144, 145
- compensation for loss or foundering 59, 113
- masters and seafarers’ entitlement to 59, 113, 143
- piracy, as a result of 143–5
- compensation for working in high risk areas 142
- minimum wages and overtime 34–5, 56–7
- paid leave 58
- pirates, capture of seafarers by 138–40, 148–9
- yachting and the MLC 69–94
- complaint procedure 93–4
- crew accommodation 88–93
- employment 78–81
- bespoke SEAs for commercial yachting 80
- particulars in SEA 78
- right not to be discriminated against 78
- time to examine the SEA 80–1
- hours of work and rest 85–8
- commercial yachts 87–8
- duties of seafarer 87
- reasonably practical steps required 87
- manning 81–5
- MLC
- ‘pleasure vessel’, UK definition of 70
- professional bodies for yachting 72–3
- seafarers 73–5
- shipowners 76–8