Shipping Law

Simon Baughen

Document

Page 437

Index

A

accidents of the sea 117–18
act of God 82, 92, 118, 147, 203
Admiralty Court jurisdiction 356
- Arrest Convention 1999 378–9
- claims listed in s 20(2) 372–3
- collisions 273, 372, 380, 381, 383
- future 374
- in personam 371, 374, 375, 381
  - service 379–80, 382
- in rem 371, 372, 374
  - maritime liens 375, 377–8
  - ownership disputes 374
  - service 380–1
  - statutory liens 375–7
- oil pollution 339, 372
  - Fund Convention (1971/1992) 342
- prior 374
- proceedings under s 20(1)(b) 374
- salvage 292, 306–7, 316, 371, 372, 373
- service of proceedings
  - in personam 379–80, 382
  - in rem 380–1
agency
- Himalaya clause 35, 48, 53–7, 109, 144, 170, 175, 178
- of necessity 306
- partial 35, 54
- third-party rights 34–5
- vicarious immunity 53, 54
agony of the moment 282
aircraft: salvage 293
applicable law see choice of law
arbitration
- appeals 398–400
- applicable law 397–8
- bill of lading 79, 80
- challenges by non-participating parties 400
- commencement of 396–7
- competing conventions 151
- enforcement
  - domestic awards 400–1
  - foreign awards 401–2
- freight, non-payment of 222
- interim relief 398
  - anti-suit injunctions 395, 398, 420, 421, 422–3, 424
  - freezing orders 398, 417
- kompetenz-kompetenz principle 396
- LMAA terms 402
- Rotterdam Rules 163–4
- security for costs 420
- separability of agreements 395–6
- stay of court proceedings 383, 395
- time limits 121, 122, 381, 382, 397, 400
arrest 15, 410–11, 422
- effect of stay on provision of security 412–14
- priorities: sale proceeds 412
- salvage 316
Arrest Convention 1999 378
- claims 378
- definition of arrest 378–9
- jurisdiction 379
- other provisions 379
- re-arrest 381

B

bad stowage 89, 108–9, 118

bailment 15, 19, 33, 34, 38, 39, 62, 76, 144

attornment and successors in title 26–7, 49–50
consent 48–9
meaning 47
situations 48, 55–6, 57, 59, 311

banks, financing role of 5

bareboat or demise charters 10, 122, 191, 193, 206–7

salvage 297

berth charters 228, 232–3, 235, 236

bills of lading 4
- Page 438
  
  banks 5
- cargo claims see under cargo claims
- carriage contracts 8–9, 10, 11–12, 13, 14
- charter clauses 78–80
- charterparties 196–8
  - apportionment of resulting cargo claims 198–205
- combined transport 12, 13, 16, 45, 47, 170–1
  - COGSA 1992 171–2
- common law liability 76
- constructive possession, document
- transferring 6–8
- document of title 8
- documents other than 11–12
- electronic 25–7, 47
- evidential hierarchy 63–4
- exceptions clauses 76–8, 80–2, 106–9
  - unseaworthiness 84–5, 86, 88, 89
- express contracts on loading 20–4
- express terms 78–82
- functions of 6–8
- general incorporation clauses 79
- implied contracts on loading 27, 28–9, 30–4
- implied terms 76–8, 82–94
  - no deviation from contract voyage 90–4
  - reasonable care of cargo 89–90
  - seaworthiness 82–9
- laytime and date of 229
- negligence 77, 82
- perils of the sea 77, 81–2
- period of responsibility 12–13, 16, 62, 89
- receipt 6
- received for shipment 168, 170
- statutory terms see Hague/Hague-Visby Rules
- statutory transfers see separate entry
- straight bills 25, 40, 45, 98, 140, 145, 159
- trans-shipment: through 168–70
Bolero Registry 25–6, 27
breach of warranty of authority 73–4
Brexit 357–8, xv
Bunker Oil Pollution Convention 2001 343–4, 350
burden of proof 76, 77
- bailment 49, 50
- forum non conveniens 369, 389
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 134, 141
  - duty ‘properly and carefully’ 113, 114–15, 120
  - seaworthiness: due diligence 111, 112
- Hamburg Rules
  - fire 137
  - live animals 137
- laytime 237
- limitation of liability 429
- misrepresentation 72
- negligence 49
- off-hire events 253
- permission application procedure 369
- road carriage 184, 189
- Rotterdam Rules 147–8, 149, 150
- salvage
  - misconduct 314
- short loading 67
- unseaworthiness 84

C

cargo

deck see separate entry
general average 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327–8, 328–9, 332
salvage 293, 305–6, 310–11, 312, 313, 316, 317, 323

cargo claims
- loss/damage in transit, proving 62–3
  - Page 439
    
    actions against actual signee of bill of lading 73–4
  - contractual actions against carrier 64–72
  - evidential hierarchy 63–4
  - tort actions against carrier 72–3
- misrepresentation 72, 74
- mitigation of losses 72–3
- period of responsibility 16
- prima facie evidence 66–7
- quality marks 66
- shipper’s indemnities 68–9
- title to sue see separate entry
- tort actions 16, 19, 38, 47, 62, 63, 72–3
- vicarious liability 58–9, 73, 74, 90
cargo lien 89, 158, 183, 191, 192, 222–3, 310–11, 330–1
- exercising 224–5
carriage contracts
- bills of lading 8–9
- containers 13–14
- expansion from pure sea carriage 12–13
- modifications 10–14
- time charters 10
- voyage charters 9–10
causation 85–6, 195
- collisions 282–4
- damages 211, 261, 267–8, 269
charterparties 191
- anticipatory breach 193–4, 242, 258
- bill of lading
  - apportionment of resulting cargo claims 198–205
  - dealings with 196–8
- cargo claims
  - apportionment 198–205
  - clause paramount 198–200, 201, 203, 204
  - deck cargo 204–5
  - due diligence 203
  - exceptions clauses 203–4
  - indemnity actions 205
  - Inter-Club Agreement 200–2
  - no special clauses 202–3
- causation 195, 211
- charterers’ orders 193–4, 256–7
  - bill of lading 196–205
  - causation 195
  - employment v navigational matters 194–5
  - permitted ports 206–11
  - relationship with other provisions 195–6
  - type of cargo to be loaded 205–6
- clause paramount 198–200, 201, 203, 204
- damages 212, 266–70
  - mitigation 267–9
  - unsafe port 210–11
- deck cargo 204–5, 257
- exceptions clauses 203–4, 212, 214, 237, 242
  - time charters 252, 256
  - voyage charters 237, 238, 239–40, 242, 243
- indemnities 204, 211
  - actions 205
  - bills of lading 196–8
  - causation 195
  - employment v navigational matters 194–5
  - other charter provisions 195–6
- Inter-Club Agreement 200–2
- interest conferred by 193
- permitted ports 206–11
  - breach of warranty 210–11
  - express warranty of safety 206–7
  - implied warranty of safety 207
  - nature of warranty 209–10
  - right to nominate 206
  - unsafety 207–9
- shipowners’ obligations: load to port
  - cancellation clause 213–14
  - readiness and fitness to load 214
  - reasonable dispatch 211–12
  - statements: vessel’s position/expected readiness 212–13
  - time charters see separate entry
- trip charters 10, 20, 89, 192–3, 194
- frustration 272–3
- voyage charters/charterparties see separate entry
choice of law
- bill of lading 48, 56–7, 79, 104
- clauses 15, 48, 56–7, 79, 103, 104
- competing conventions 151
- contract 402–6
  - pre-1 April 1991 contracts 403
  - Rome I Regulation 403–6
- tort 406–8
  - committed after 1 Nov 1996 407
  - committed before 1 Nov 1996 406–7
  - Rome II Regulation 408
Page 440

circular indemnity clause 57–8, 170, 175
clause paramount 198–200, 201, 203, 204, 243, 256, 397
- Bolero Rules 27
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 96, 102, 103, 122, 199
- Hamburg Rules 134
CLC (marine pollution convention) 334, 350
- channelling of liability 337–8
- compulsory insurance 339
- defences 337
- geographical ambit 336–7
- joint liability 337
- jurisdiction 339–40
- limitation of liability 338–9
- strict liability 334–6
- time limits 339
CMR see road carriage
collisions
- agony of the moment 282
- apportionment of liability 284–5
- basic issues 278
- causation 282–4
- damages 285–7
  - pure economic loss 286
  - remoteness 285–6
  - restitutio in integrum 286–7
- habours, docks and piers 287
- jurisdiction 288–9, 367, 380, 383
- last opportunity rule 283–4
- novus actus interveniens 282–3, 284
- standard of care 280–2
- statutory liability 287
- time limits 278, 288, 381
- vicarious liability 278–9
  - pilots 279–80
  - tugs and tows 279
combined transport 170
- bills of lading 12, 13, 16, 45, 47, 170–1
- COGSA 1992 171–2
- competing conventions 150–1, 165–6, 172–3
- containers 14
- document of title 170–1
- multimodal transport operator 174
- network and uniform solutions 173–5
consignment note
- contractual status 182
- duty to check 181–2
- information 181
- non-compliance 182
constructive trusts 195
containers 170, 173
- carriage contracts 13–14
- Hague Rules 127–8
- Hague-Visby Rules 126–7, 128–9
- misdescription 152
- package limitation 127–9
contempt of court 420
contracts
- carriage 8–14
- choice of law see separate entry
- construing
  - exception clauses 80–1
  - typed clauses 33, 81, 103, 199, 204
- express contracts on loading 19–27
- frustration see separate entry
- illegal 68–9
- implied contract and third-party rights 34–8
- implied contracts on loading 12, 19, 27–34
- international sales of goods 4–5
- road carriage 182–7
contractual salvage 294
conversion 7, 15, 50, 58–9, 192, 373
crew negligence or unseaworthiness 86–8

D

damages 34
- Page 441
  
  nominal 214
- penalty 258, 262
- remoteness 261–2
  - collisions 285–6
  - contractual rules: cargo claims 262–6
- tort and contract compared 261–2
- wrongful arrest 422
deceit 15, 72, 73
deck cargo
- charterparties 204–5, 257
- general average 321
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 105–6
- Hamburg Rules 137
- Rotterdam Rules 149–50
delivery orders 11–12, 44, 72
- negligence 51
demise charters 10, 122, 191, 193, 206–7
- salvage 297
demise clauses 28, 31–3, 107
demurrage see under voyage charters/ charterparties
deviation
- consequences of
  - modified doctrine 93
  - pure doctrine 92
- definition 90
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 91–2, 93–4, 120–1
- Hamburg Rules 137
- liberty clauses 91–2
- quasi 91, 93, 123
- Rotterdam Rules 149
documents
- bills of lading see separate entry
- electronic see electronic documentation
- international sales 4–5
- road carriage 181–2
- Rotterdam Rules: transport 143, 151, 152–7, 159, 160
due diligence
- charterparties 199, 200, 203
  - safe port 210
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules
  - seaworthiness 109–10, 111–12, 114, 200

E

ejusdem generis rule 80–1, 254–5
electronic documentation 25–7, 47, 141
- Judgments Regulation (EU 1215/2012) 363
- Rotterdam Rules 141, 143, 145
  - delivery of goods 156–7
  - transport records 150, 151, 152–6, 159
electronic release system 59
environmental
- costs: general average 324
- salvage 301–4
Environmental Liability Directive 2004 349–50
equity
- proceeds traceable in 5
estoppel 64–6, 73, 118, 119, 156, 221, 223
- promissory 210
- statutory 66, 70
evidential hierarchy of bills of lading 63–4
express contracts on loading 19–27
- bill of lading 21–4
  - changing contractual status 20–1
- electronic documentation 25–7
- sea waybills 24
- straight bills 25
- voyage charterparty 19–21

F

fire 322, 326, 328

Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 116, 174
Hamburg Rules 137
Rotterdam Rules 147

forum non conveniens 289, 356, 367, 379, 383, 387–94

appropriate forum 389–90
foreign jurisdiction clauses and 390–2
burden of proof 369, 389
general principles 389–94
substantial injustice to claimant 392–4

‘four corners’ rule 80–1, 94

free in/free out 78, 89, 90, 107, 120, 146

freezing orders 222, 358, 378, 384, 398, 410, 414–15

elements of domestic 415–17
- arbitration or foreign proceedings 417
jurisdiction 370
worldwide 417–19

freight

payment of see freight under voyage charters/ charterparties

frustration

consequences of 272–3
effect of breach 272
facts available at time of event 271
what amounts to 270–1

Page 442

Fund Convention (1971/1992) 334, 340, 350
- defences 341
- jurisdiction 342
- liability 340, 349
- limitation 341–2
- subrogation 342
- time limits 342

G

general average
- basic principles 320–1
- common safety 327–8
- contributory values: assessment 328, 329–30
- extraordinary expenses 321
  - environmental costs 324
  - port of refuge costs 323–4
  - salvage 322–3
  - substituted expenses 324–6
- extraordinary sacrifices 321
  - cargo 321
  - freight 322
  - ship 322
- fault 328
- losses: valuation
  - cargo 323, 328–9
  - expenditure 329
  - freight 329
  - sacrifices 328–9
  - ship 323, 329
- rights and remedies of interests inter se 330–1
- salvage 322–3, 331, 332
- time of peril 327
- voluntariness 326–7
- York Antwerp Rules
  - 2004 331–2
  - 2016 332

H

Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 16–17, 134, 172–3, 174
- package limitation 127
  - Page 443
    
    Hague Rules 124–5, 127–8, 129
  - Hague-Visby Rules 125–6, 129–30, 174
- packing, insufficiency of 119
- quarantine restrictions 118
- riots/civil commotions 118
- saving life/property at sea 118, 120
- seaworthiness 109–12, 113–14
- due diligence 109–10, 111–12, 114
- shipper’s liability 130–2
- strikes/lockouts/stoppage/restraint of labour 118
- time limits 43, 96, 121–4, 131, 175, 200, 331, 381, 397
Hamburg Rules 140–1, 173
- ambit of operation 134–5
- background 134
- contracting out bar 138
- deck cargo 137
- deviation 137
- evidential status of shipping documents 139–40
- fire 137
- jurisdiction 139
- liability
  - basis of 136–7
  - who is liable 135–6
- live animals 137
- negligence 136, 137
- package limitation 138
- period of responsibility 136
- saving life/property at sea 137
- time bar 138
- who is liable
  - contractual claims 135
  - non-contractual claims 135–6
Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) Pollution Convention 344
- 2010 Protocol 347–8
- compulsory liability insurance 346–7
- geographical ambit 345
- HNS Fund 347
  - 2010 Protocol to 347–8
- jurisdiction 347
- liability 344–5
- limitation 346
- shipowners’ defences 345–6
- time bars 347
hazardous and noxious substances pollution limitation 436
High Court jurisdiction
- Admiralty Court jurisdiction see separate entry
- ancillary claims 371
- arbitration 395
- background 356–8
- contractual claims 370–1
- enforcement of judgments or arbitral awards 371
- general grounds 369–70
- in personam proceedings in Commercial Court
  - without permission of Court 368
- interim remedy claims 370
- Judgments Regulation (EU 1215/2012) see separate entry
- with permission 369
- permission application procedure 369
- subsequent challenge by defendant 382–94
  - arbitration agreement 383, 395
  - forum non conveniens see separate entry
  - lis alibi pendens 383–7
  - merger 394
- time limits
  - commencing proceedings 381–2
  - service of proceedings 382
- tort claims 371, 381
Himalaya clause 35, 48, 53–7, 109, 144, 170, 175, 178
human rights
- anti-suit injunctions 420
- fair trial 399

I

identity of carrier clauses 28, 31–3, 107

implied contract and third-party rights 34–8

implied contracts on loading 12, 19, 27–34

identity of carrier clauses 28, 31–3
shipowner’s position when charterer’s bill is issued 33–4
shipowner’s bill or charterer’s bill 30–1
time charter: contractual network 29

indemnities 70, 342

charterparties 194–8, 204, 205, 211
circular indemnity clause 57–8, 170, 175
road carriage 183, 189
shippers 68–9, 140
time limit 121–2

injunctions 193, 369

anti-suit 369, 395, 398, 420–4
Mareva see freezing orders

Page 444

innominate terms 89, 212, 241, 248, 270
insurance 15–16, 206–7, 320, 350
- anti-suit injunctions 421
- compulsory 339, 343, 346–7, 435
- wreck removal 352
interest
- general average 332
- salvage 315
interim relief 370, 410
- anti-suit injunctions 369, 395, 398, 420–4
  - contempt of court 420
  - EU 422–3, 424
  - unconscionability 421
- arrest 410–14, 422
- freezing orders see separate entry
- inspection of property 420
- security for defendant’s costs 419–20
international sales of goods
- basic provisions 4
- financing role of banks 5
- payment against documents 4
- transfer of risk on loading 5

J

Judgments Regulation (EU 1215/2012) 357–68, 380
- assignment of jurisdiction 358
- co-defendants and third parties 361
- contract/tort/salvage claims
  - against freight and cargo 359–61
- domicile of defendant 358–9
  - corporation 358–9
- forum non conveniens 387–9, 393, 394
- internal hierarchy of competing grounds 364
- jurisdiction clauses 362–3
- limitation actions 362
- lis alibi pendens 383–7
  - first seised 384–5, 386, 387
  - related actions 386–7
  - same claims 385–6
- non-Regulation basis 364–8, 387
  - defendant not domiciled in Member State 364–5
  - Hague Convention 368
  - other conventions 365–6
  - service by arrest 366–7
  - service without arrest 367
- submission 363–4
jurisdiction 356
- Admiralty Court see separate entry
- anti-suit injunctions 420–1, 424
- basic issues 356
- bill of lading 48, 56–7, 79, 80, 104
- clauses 15, 48, 56–7, 79, 80, 104
- CLC (marine pollution convention) 339–40
- collisions 288–9, 367, 380, 381
- competing conventions 151
- Hamburg Rules 139
- High Court see separate entry
- HNS Pollution Convention 347
- limitation of liability 362, 379, 392–3, 434–5
- road carriage 188–9
- Rotterdam Rules 162–3
- subsequent challenge by defendant 382–94
  - arbitration agreement 383, 395
  - forum non conveniens see separate entry
  - lis alibi pendens 383–7

K

kompetenz-kompetenz principle 396

L

last opportunity rule 283–4

laytime see under voyage charters/charterparties

legal aid 393

letters of credit 5, 6, 11, 13, 38

liberty clauses 91–2

lien

cargo 89, 158, 183, 191, 192, 222–3, 310–11, 330–1
- exercising 224–5
maritime 292, 294, 301, 316, 374, 375, 377–8
- priorities 412
possessory 311, 330–1, 412
statutory 331, 375–7
- different effects of maritime and 377–8
- priorities 412
subfreights 191, 192, 223
- exercising 225–6

life salvage 294, 311

limitation of liability 350
- Page 445
  
  compulsory insurance 435
- fund
  - calculation 430–3
  - establishing 433–4
  - relevant tonnage 430
- Fund Convention (1971/1992) 341–2
- HNS Pollution Convention 346, 436
- jurisdiction 362, 379, 434–5
  - forum non conveniens 392–3
- loss of right to 429–30
- non-tanker oil spills 343
- oil rigs, pollution from 349
- other regimes 435–6
  - hazardous and noxious substances 346, 436
  - oil pollution 338–9, 341–2, 436
- package limitation see separate entry
- Rotterdam Rules 149, 161–2
- who can limit 426–7
lis alibi pendens 383–7
live animals 105, 137, 165
livestock 85, 105–6, 186, 321
Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF) 291–2, 317
loading
- implied contracts on 12, 19, 27–34
- transfer of risk on 5
lost time and Wibon clauses 234–6

M

management systems 87–8, 116
Mareva injunctions see freezing orders
marine pollution
- basic issues/responses 334
- CLC (marine pollution convention) see separate entry
- Environmental Liability Directive 2004 349–50
- Fund Convention (1971/1992) see separate entry
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) Pollution Convention see separate entry
- non-tanker oil spills 342–3
  - 2001 Bunker Oil Pollution Convention 343–4, 350
- oil rigs 348–9
- salvage 291, 301–2
- wreck removal 351–2
maritime lien 292, 294, 301, 316, 374, 375, 377–8
- priorities 412
marks, insufficiency or inadequacy of 119
merger doctrine 394
misdelivery 7, 11, 55, 58–60, 123, 147, 197, 198
misrepresentation 72
- negligent 74
- salvage 307
mistake
- salvage 307
multimodal transport see combined transport

N

Nairobi Convention 351–2
negligence 15, 33, 49, 50–8, 76
- agency and Himalaya clause 53–7
- charterparties: deck cargo 204, 205
- circular indemnity clause 57–8
- collisions see separate entry
- damages 261–2, 285–7
- duty of care 50–1, 52–3
- exceptions clauses 77, 82
- Hague-Visby Rules 52, 53, 115, 116, 134, 136
- Hamburg Rules 136, 137
- marine pollution 334, 341
- ownership 51
- possession 51–2
- pure economic loss 51–2, 286, 334
- salvage 307–9, 372
- unlimited liability 52
- vicarious liability 90
  - collisions 278–80
- volenti non fit injuria 53, 54
negligent misstatement 72, 74
net clauses 255–6
no cure, no pay 291, 299–301, 308
novation 27
nuisance 334

O

oil pollution 334, 350

CLC (marine pollution convention) see separate entry
Fund Convention (1971/1992) see separate entry
non-tanker oil spills 342–3
- 2001 Bunker Oil Pollution Convention 343–4
oil rigs 348–9
salvage 291, 301–2, 341

Page 446

Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement (OPOL) 348
Offshore Safety Directive 350

P

package limitation
- Hague Rules 124–5, 127–8, 129
- Hague-Visby Rules 125–6, 129–30, 174
  - calculation of limitation 125
  - gross weight alternative 126
- Hamburg Rules 138
- loss of right to limit 129–30
- multimodal transport 174, 175
- road carriage 174, 187–8
- Rotterdam Rules 161
packing, insufficiency of 119
parol evidence rule 23
period clauses 255
pilots
- act/neglect/default 115–16, 174, 285
- vicarious liability 279–80
piracy 147, 254
port charters 228, 232–4, 235, 236, 238
ports
- permitted see under charterparties
- port of refuge costs: general average 323–4
priorities
- sale of arrested vessel 412
privity of contract 8, 34, 35
pure economic loss 51–2, 286, 334

Q

quarantine restrictions 118

R

reachable on arrival clauses 236–7, 243

redelivery 257–9

res ipsa loquitur 76

riots/civil commotions 118

road carriage 172

absolute liability for defects in vehicle 186
apportionment of liability 186
carriers 179–80
- defences 184–7
- duty to check consignment note 181–2
- liability for loss/damage/delay 183–4
- successive 180–1
competing conventions 150–1, 165–6, 172–3
consignee 179
consignment note
- contractual status 182
- duty to check 181–2
- information 181
- non-compliance 182
contract documents 181–2
contracting out 182–4
damages, measure of 187
- package limitation 174, 187–8
defences 184
- primary 184–5
- secondary 184, 185–6
jurisdiction 188–9
mandatory application of CMR 177–9
package limitation 174
sender 179
terms of contract 182–7
theft 187
time limits 189
wilful misconduct 186–7

Rotterdam Rules
- Page 447
  
  maritime performing parties
  - definition 142
  - liabilities 148–9
- matters not covered 165–6
- non-contractual actions 143–4
- notice of loss 149
- scope of application 144–5
- shipper 162
  - controlling party 158–9
  - definition 143
  - delay 149, 152
  - non-contractual actions 144
  - obligations 151–2
- signature/ratification 166
- time for suit 162
- transfer of rights 160–1
- transport documents 151, 152–6, 159, 160
  - definition 143
  - delivery of goods 156–7
- validity of contractual terms 164–5

S

safety management systems 87–8, 116

salvage

abandonment 297
agreement
- parties bound by signing of 305–6
- setting aside 306–7
aircraft 293
basic issues 291
calculation of award
- apportioning between salvors 315–16
- cargo’s value 313, 323
- fixing award 314–15
- freight’s value 313
- misconduct 294, 309, 314, 315
- salved values 311–13
- ship’s value 312, 323
contractual 294
contractual duties
- crew 297, 299
- towage 297–8
danger requirement 294–6
enhanced award 301–2
environmental salvage 301–4
general average 322–3, 331, 332
geographical limits of 296
interest 315
jurisdiction 371
life 294, 311
limitation of liability 426, 427, 428, 431, 434
Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF) 291–2, 317
maritime property 292–4
- aircraft 293
- ship, cargo and freight 292–3
negligence 307–9
no cure, no pay 291, 299–301, 308
non-maritime property: contractual 294
oil pollution 291, 301–2, 341
post-termination services 310–11
public duties 298
qualifying services
- environmental salvage 301–4
- no cure, no pay 291, 299–301, 308
- SCOPIC clause 304–5
safety net 301–2
salvor 296–7
- contractual duties 297–8
- public duties 298
- self-interest 299
salvor/salvee relationship 305
- negligence 307–9
- parties bound by signing of agreement 305–6
- post-termination services 310–11
- setting aside agreement 306–7
- termination of services 309–10
salvors’ remedies
- LOF 2011 317
- security for claim 316
- time bar 317
SCOPIC clause 304–5
self-interest 299
ship, cargo and freight 292–3
ship’s value 312, 323
sources of law on 291–2
special compensation 302, 303, 309, 431
P&I Club (SCOPIC) clause 304–5
termination of services 309–10
volunteer 297
wrecks 317–18

saving life/property at sea 118, 120, 137, 147

sea waybills 11, 14, 17, 40, 72, 77
- Page 448
  
  Rotterdam Rules 145
- statutory transfers 44–5
seaworthiness 82–9
- absolute nature of duty 84–5
- bad stowage 88–9, 202–3
- burden of proof 84
- causation 85–6
- charterparties 202–3, 204
  - Inter-Club Agreement 201
- consequences of unseaworthiness 89
- crew negligence 86–8
- doctrine of stages 85, 110, 112
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules 109–12, 113–14
  - due diligence 109–10, 111–12, 114, 200
- innominate term 89
- Rotterdam Rules 148
- unsafety
  - cargo 83–4
  - vessel 82–3
set-off 162
- freight 191, 216–17
- hire 192, 250–1
ship
- general average 322, 323, 324, 326, 329, 330
- repairers 111, 435
- salvage 292–3, 312, 323
shipper
- Hague/Hague-Visby Rules
  - carrier defence: act/omission of shipper 118
  - liability of shipper 130–2
- Hamburg Rules 140
- Rotterdam Rules
  - carrier defence: act/omission of shipper 147
  - obligations 151–2
slot charters 9
specific performance 198
standard of proof
- road carriage 184
- salvage 314
statutory lien 331, 375–8
- priorities 412
statutory transfers 38–47
- bills of lading 39–40
  - charterer holder 43
  - definition 40
  - holder categories 40–2
  - recovery of third-party losses 43–4
  - spent 42–3
- contractual liabilities 45–6
- delivery orders 44
- outside statute 46–7
- third-party losses, recovery of 43–5
- waybills 44–5
straight bills 25, 40, 45, 98, 140, 145, 159
subrogation 15, 342, 346, 434

T

third parties and combined transport 172

third-party losses: recovery under COGSA 1992 43–5

third-party reliance on Hague-Visby Rules 109

third-party rights under initial carriage contract 34–8

agency 34–5
assignment 37
implied contract 37–8
statutory provision 35–6
suit by shipper 36–7
trust 36

time charters 193, 194
- Page 449
  
  set-off 192, 250–1
- shipowners’ obligations
  - reasonable despatch 211–12
- underpayment 250–1
- withdrawal, shipowner’s right of 247–9
time limits
- arbitration 121, 122, 381, 382, 397
  - challenging an award 400
- Bunker Oil Pollution Convention 2001 344
- CLC (marine pollution convention) 339
- collisions 278, 288, 381
- demurrage 245
- Fund Convention (1971/1992) 342
- general average 331, 332
- Hague/Hague-Visby 43, 96, 121–4, 131, 175, 200, 331, 381, 397
- Hamburg Rules 138
- High Court
  - commencing proceedings 381–2
  - service of proceedings 382
- HNS Pollution Convention 347
- lien
  - registration of 226
- multimodal transport 174–5
- road carriage 189
- Rotterdam Rules 162
  - notice of loss 149
- salvage 317
- time charters
  - anti-technicality clause 249–50
- wrecks 318
  - removal of 351, 352
title to sue 14–16, 19
- express contracts on loading 19–27
- implied contracts on loading 27–34
- non-contractual actions
  - bailment 19, 26–7, 33, 34, 38, 47–50, 59
  - carrier’s delivery obligation 58–60
  - negligence 33, 49, 50–8
- statutory transfers 38–47
- third-party rights under initial carriage contract 34–8
tort 16, 19, 37, 38, 47, 62, 63, 72–3, 349
- choice of law 406–8
- conversion 7, 15, 50, 58–9, 192, 373
- damages
  - negligence 261–2, 285–7
  - tort and contract compared 261–2
- Hague-Visby Rules 109
- inducing or procuring breach of contract 193, 360, 422
- jurisdiction 371
- negligence see separate entry
- nuisance 334
- time limits 381
trans-shipment
- clauses 106–7
- costs: general average 326
- through bills of lading 168–70
trip charters 10, 20, 89, 192–3, 194
- frustration 272–3
trust 36
- constructive 193

U

UCP 500 33
UCP 600 5, 11, 13, 170
unimodal sea carriage
- received for shipment bills of lading 168
- trans-shipment: through bills of lading 168–70
unseaworthiness see seaworthiness

V

vicarious immunity 53, 54

vicarious liability 58–9, 73, 74, 90

collisions 278–9
- pilots 279–80
- tugs and tows 279

volenti non fit injuria 53, 54

voyage charters/charterparties 193
- freight 191, 216
  - Page 450
    
    condition precedent 217
  - deemed earned clause 218–19
  - general average 322, 329
  - joint liability 220
  - lien 223–6
  - near clause 219–20, 242
  - remedies for non-payment 222–6
  - salvage 313
  - set-off 191, 216–17
  - special clauses 218–20
  - when and where payable 217–18
- implied terms 77, 89
- indemnities 194
- Inter-Club Agreement 201
- laytime 9, 191
  - approach/carrying voyages: termination point 232–3
  - basic provisions 228
  - berth charters 235
  - calculation 228–30
  - exceptions clauses 237, 238, 239–40, 242
  - fault of shipowner 240–1
  - notice of readiness 230–2
  - port charters 233–4
  - reachable on arrival clauses 236–7, 243
  - removal of vessel for shipowner’s purposes 241
  - suspension 237–41
  - weather permitting 239
  - weather working day 238
  - Wibon and lost time clauses 234–6
  - near clause 219–20, 242
  - notice of readiness 230–2
  - permitted ports 206
  - port charters 228, 232–4, 235, 236, 238
  - reachable on arrival clauses 236–7, 243
  - repudiation 268
  - shipowner, fault of 240–1, 243
  - shipowners’ obligations
  - reaonable despatch 211–12
  - shipowner’s purposes, removal of vessel for 241
  - termination point: approach/carrying voyages 232–3
  - see also lien

W

waivers 93, 210, 212, 214, 244–5
- general average 330
- limitation of liability 430
- notice of readiness 231–2
- salvage 316
- time charters 258
  - late payment 249
  - underpayment 251
waybills see sea waybills
weather permitting 239
weather working day 238
Wibon and lost time clauses 234–6
wrecks
- removal of 298, 351–2
- salvage principles 317–18

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Shipping Law

Page 437

Index

Index

A

B

Page 438

C

Page 439

Page 440

D

Page 441

E

F

Page 442

G

H

Page 443

I

Page 444

J

K

L

Page 445

M

N

O

Page 446

P

Q

R

Page 447

S

Page 448

T

Page 449

U

V

Page 450

W