Lloyd's Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly
Forum non conveniens and European ideals
Edwin Peel*
This article considers the circumstances in which the English courts may stay proceedings commenced in England pursuant to the jurisdictional rules in Title II of the Brussels Convention (now the Brussels Regulation) in favour of proceedings in the courts of a non-Member State. It takes as its starting point the recent decision of the European Court of Justice in
Owusu v. Jackson. After considering the impact of that decision on the practice of the English courts it seeks to assess what discretion, if any, may be left to the English courts, based on the reasoning employed by the European Court.
Ever since it was handed down, the decision of the Court of Appeal in Re Harrods (Buenos Aires) Ltd
1
has had the appearance of being on borrowed time. In it, the Court of Appeal held that proceedings commenced in the English courts pursuant to Art 2 of the Brussels Convention2
might be stayed, on the grounds of forum non conveniens
, in favour of proceedings in the courts of a non-Contracting State. A quick, but never painless, death might have ensued if a reference on this point to the European Court of Justice in Re Harrods
itself3
had made it that far, but the case was settled. When, subsequently, an opportunity presented itself to the House of Lords to make a further reference it was declined since, having decided no stay would be awarded in any event, it was unnecessary to refer the question of whether the English courts continued to enjoy the power to so order.4
The bell really began to toll when a claim form was served out of the Sheffield District Registry of the High Court on 6 October 2000 in Owusu
v. Jackson
.
On this occasion, a reference from the Court of Appeal5
did make it to the European Court with all too predictable an outcome. The court has ruled6
that a court of a
* Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. This article is dedicated to the memory of Angus Johnson.
1. [1992] Ch 72.
2. Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed on 27 September 1968 by the original members of the European Community. It came into force in 1973 and has been amended on several occasions on the accession of new Member States. See: [1972] OJ L299/32; [1978] OJ L304/1; [1982] OJ L388/1; [1989] OJ L285/1; [1997] OJ C15/1. For a consolidated text, see: [1998] OJ C27/1. The version currently in force in the United Kingdom (on the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden) may be found in SI 2000/1824, which came into force on 1 January 2001. For proceedings commenced on or after 1 March 2002, it has been superseded by Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001 (save in Denmark).
3. Ladenimor
v. Intercomfinanz (Case C–314/92).
4. Lubbe
v. Cape Plc
[2000] 1 WLR 1545, in which Lord Bingham of Cornhill (at 1562B) did not consider the “answer to that question to be clear”.
5. Owusu
v. Jackson (t/a Villa Holidays Bal-Inn Villas) and others
[2003] PIQR 186.
6. Owusu
v. Jackson (t/a Villa Holidays Bal-Inn Villas) and others (Case C–281/02)
[2005] 2 WLR 942.
363