Index

• Abnormal occurrences
  • safety of ports, and 5.94
• “About”
  • deadweight capacity, and 3.23
• Abstract lifting capacity
  • deadweight capacity, and 3.20
• Absurdity, avoidance of
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.107
• Acceptance
  • named port, and 5A.12
  • notice of readiness, and 15.29
• Accepted repudiation
  • damages for breach of charter, and 1.139
  • termination, and 1.139
• Accomplished bills of lading
  • generally 18.149
• “Account of”
  • parties to charter, and 2.10
• Accuracy of Register
  • description of ship, and 3.39
• Act of carrier’s servants
  • introduction 66.264
  • management of ship, in 66.275
  • navigation of ship, in 66.268
  • relevant persons 66.265
• Act of God
  • Hague Rules, and 66.298
• Act of public enemies
  • Hague Rules, and 66.305
• Act of shipper, etc.
  • Hague Rules, and 66.160
• Act of war
  • Hague Rules, and 66.301
• Actual authority
  • agents, and 2.23
• Adequate assurances
  • U.S. law 36A.5–36A.7
• Admixture
  • pumping in and out, and 41.8
  • responsibility of owners, and 49.6, 49.7
• Advance earning of freight
  • introduction 13.111
  • “lost or not lost” 13.114, 13A.24
  • shipment, on 13.112
• Advance payment of freight
  • calculation 13.108
  • disbursements at loading port
    • generally 13.92, 13.93
    • insurance cover 13.98
    • need 13.94
    • rate of exchange 13.97
  • introduction 13.92
  • loading, on 13.103
  • sailing, on 13.104
  • signature of bill of lading 13.105
• Adverse weather
  • and see Weather
  • ASBATANKVOY 40A.2
• Affirmation
  • deviation, and 12.41
  • generally 1.135
  • misrepresentation, and 1.135
• Affreightment contracts
  • illegality 1.51
  • meaning 7A.34
  • name of vessel, and 3A.5
• Agents
  • ASBATANKVOY 38A.12, 61.1
  • GENCON 1976
    • authority to enter into charter 2.22–2.34
    • generally 2.4
  • GENCON 1994 14.67
• Agents (GENCON 1976)
  • appointment 23.1
  • authority 2.22, 23.3
  • authority to enter into charter
    • actual authority 2.23
    • introduction 2.22
    • ostensible authority 2.26
    • ratification of acts 2.33
    • warranty of authority 2.34
  • duties 23.3
  • liability
    • principle, of 23.8
    • third parties, to 23.9
  • receipt of freight 23.10
  • U.S. law 23A.1

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  Page 1402

  Agreement
  • termination, and 1.138
• “Air draft”
  • draught of vessel, and 3A.29
• “All laytime saved”
  • definition A4.2
• “All time saved”
  • definition A4.2
• “All working time saved”
  • definition A4.2
• “Alongside” the vessel
  • effect of customs 14.11
  • introduction 14.10
  • responsibility for handling goods 14.16
• Alter ego
  • parties, and 2.39, 2A.7, 2A.9, 2A.11, 2A.18, 2A.23, 66.422
• “Always accessible”
  • definition 15.65, A4.2
  • laytime, and 15A.31, A4.2
  • safety of ports, and 5.69
• “Always available”
  • safety of ports, and 5.69
• “Always lie safely afloat”
  • safety of ports, and 5.68
• Ambiguity, resolution of
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.101
• AMWELSH Coal Charter
  • text A5.1
• Amount made good
  • general average, and 20.35
• “Anchorage”
  • definition A4.2
• Anticipatory repudiation
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21A.76
• “Apparent order and condition”
  • Hague Rules 66.142, 66A.16–66A.17
• Applicable law
  • and see Governing law
  • chosen by parties 1.28
  • introduction 1.27
  • no choice made by parties 1.39–1.46
  • role 1.47–1.50
• Apportionment of damages
  • unsafe conditions 5A.40
• Approach voyage
  • proceeding to loading port, and 4.18
• Approvals clause
  • oil majors 3.29
• Arbitration
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • generally 32.2
    • introduction 32.3
  • consolidation 2A.27
  • consolidation of class actions 2A.40
  • GENCON 1994, and 17.51, 20.60–20.61
  • participation of non-signatories 2A.33
  • U.S. law 7A.35, 63A.1–63A.2
• Arbitration awards
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.82
• Arbitration clause
  • unjustified deviation, and 12.30
• Arrest of princes, etc.
  • Hague Rules, and 66.307
• “Arrival at customary anchorage”
  • notice of readiness 38A.9
• “As agent for”
  • parties to charter, and 2.11, 2.15–2.16
• “As amended”
  • freight, and 13.14
• “As fast as the vessel can received/deliver”
  • definition 15A.14
• “As laytime”
  • definition A4.2
• “As soon as her prior commitments have been completed”
  • generally 4.22
• ASBATANKVOY
  • agents 61.1–61A.1
  • arbitration
    • generally 63.1–63A.1
    • introduction 32.2–32.3
  • bill of lading, issue 51.1–51A.1
  • bill of lading, terms of 52.1–52A.1
  • both-to-blame collision A5.2, A5.8
  • brokerage commission 31.4
  • cancelling 30.2, 37.1–37A.12
  • cargo
    • generally 47.1
    • introduction 30.4, 33.14–33.16
  • class 29.3
  • clause paramount 53.1–53A.49
  • cleaning 49.1–49A.32
  • condition of ship 33.2–33.7
  • damages for breach of charter 37A.14, 62.1–62A.1
  • deadfreight 35.1–35A.12
  • deadweight 29.2
  • demurrage 31.3, 39.1–39A.25
  • description of vessel 29.1–29.8
  • deviation 59.1–59.7
  • discharging ports 36.1–36A.11
  • exceptions 50.1–50A.1
  • flash point 44.3
  • freight 31.1, 34.1–34A.18
  • fumigation 48.1–48A.1
  • general average
    • generally 55.1–55A.1
    • introduction 32.1
  • hoses 42.1–42A.4
  • ice 45.1–45A.1
  • Jason clause (ASBATANKVOY) 54.1–54A.6
  • laytime 31.2, 38.1–38A.70
  • lien 60.1–60A.1
  • limitation of liability 57.1–57A.1
  • loading ports 33.9–33.14
  • mooring at sea terminals 42.1–42A.4

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    Page 1403

    multiple ports counting as one 46.1–46A.1
  • nomination of ports 36.1–36A.11
  • oil pollution
    • generally 65.1–65A.20
    • tanker vetting 65A.14
  • origin 28.1
  • preamble 28.1–28.5
  • proceeding to discharging the port 33.19
  • pumping in and out 41.1–41A.24
  • quarantine 48.1–48A.1
  • safe berthing 40.1–40A.20
  • shifting 40.1–40A.20
  • sublet 64.1–64A.1
  • tanker vetting 65A.14
  • taxes and dues 43.1–43A.1
  • text A5.7
  • Tovalop 32.4
  • vapour pressure 44.1–44A.1
  • voyage 30.1–30.4, 33.17–33.22
  • war risks 58.1
• Assignment
  • shippers’ rights and liabilities, of 18.79
• “At or off the port”
  • laytime, and 15.77, 15A.27, 15A.34
• Authority of agents
  • actual authority 2.23
  • introduction 2.22
  • ostensible authority 2.26
  • ratification of acts 2.33
  • warranty of authority 2.34
• Avoidance of absurdity
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.107

• Bad stowage, responsibility for
  • captain 11.32, 14.36, 14.43, 14.45
  • owners 11.31
• Bagging bulk cargo
  • f.i.o.s.t. clause, and 14.57
• Bailment
  • bill of lading as contract, and
    • bailees’ liabilities 18.119
    • bailees’ rights 18.124
    • introduction 18.118
    • sub-bailment 18.130
    • terms, on 18.127
  • bill of lading as receipt, and 18.8
• Bailment, terms of
  • frustration, and 22.36
  • unjustified deviation, and 12.30
• Bale capacity
  • description of ship, and 3.19
• Ballast
  • cargo, and 6.4
• Ballasting time
  • laytime, and 38A.69
• BALTIMORE Form C Grain Charter Party
  • text A5.2
• Bareboat charters
  • meaning 1.1
• Barratry
  • ASBATANKVOY 50.4
  • owners’ responsibility clause, and 11.73
• Battens, wood and mats
  • dunnage 8.1–8.2
  • meaning 8.1
  • removal 3A.48
  • separations 8.3
• Bearer bill of lading
  • generally 18.143
• “Before and at beginning of voyage”
  • Hague Rules 66.101
• “Berth”
  • definition A4.2
• “Berth or no berth”
  • definition 38.4, A4.2
• Berths, safety of
  • and see Ports, places and berths
  • due diligence 5.47
  • generally 5.43
• Bills of exchange
  • freight, and 13.59
• Bills of lading
  • ASBATANKVOY (issue) 51.1–51A.1
  • ASBATANKVOY (terms) 52.1–52A.1
  • GENCON 1976 18.1–18.246
  • Hague Rules, and
    • evidence of receipt of goods, as 18.10, 66A.18–66A.19
    • issue 18.2
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.489
  • incorporation of 51A.1
  • “received for shipment” 66A.25
  • U.S. COGSA
    • conversion of “received for shipment” 66A.25
    • evidence 66A.18
    • false 66A.47–66A.49
• Bills of lading (GENCON 1976)
  • charterparty clause
    • description of goods 18.180
    • loss of cargo after payment of advance 18.216
    • signature of bill of lading 18.74–18.213
    • statements in bill of lading 18.206
  • charterparty, under 18.204
  • contract of carriage, as
    • and see Contract of carriage, bill of lading as
    • charterparty terms 18.47
    • introduction 18.45
    • parties 18.65–18.78
  • document of title, as
    • and see Document of title, bill of lading as
    • accomplished bills 18.149
    • bearer bills 18.143
    • delivery 18.161
    • effect of negotiability 18.151
    • endorsement 18.153

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      Page 1404

      exhausted bills 18.149
    • introduction 18.142
    • order bills 18.143
    • received for shipment bills 66A.25
    • shipped on board bills 66.134–66.135
    • special terms 18.166–18.172
    • straight bills 18.143
    • stoppage in transit 18.157
    • through bills 66.50
  • form
    • charterparty bill 18.185
    • liner bill 18.3
    • multi-modal bill 18.3, 18.147
    • other variants 18.3
  • function
    • contract of carriage, as 18.45–18.138
    • document of title, as 18.142–18.172
    • generally 18.1–18.3, 66.85
    • receipt, as 18.8–18.39
  • introduction
    • form 18.2–18.3
    • meaning 18.1
  • meaning 18.1
  • nomination of port, and 5.7
  • purpose
    • contract of carriage 18.45–18.138
    • document of title, as 18.142–18.172
    • generally 18.1–18.3
    • receipt, as 18.8–18.39
  • receipt, as
    • and see Receipt, bill of lading as
    • bailment 18.8
    • condition, statements as to 18.16–18.22
    • date of loading, statements as to 18.39
    • marks, statements as to 18.37
    • quality, statements as to 18.38
    • quantity, statements as to 18.25–18.33
    • representations 18.9–18.15
    • weight, statements as to 18.25–18.33
  • recourse, owner’s right of
    • and see Indemnity
    • basis 18.218–18.222
    • examples 18.225–18.241
    • introduction 18.217
• BIMCO cargo clause
  • use of 6.63
• BIMCO liberty and deviation clause
  • use of 12.23
• Blockade
  • generally 26.3
  • Government, belligerent or organised body 26.9
• Both to blame collision
  • ASBATANKVOY 56.1
  • GENCON 1976 A5.2
• “Bound for”
  • deviation, and 12.24
• Breach of charter, remedies for
  • damages
    • and see Damages for breach of charter
    • assessment 21.5
    • charterer’s, by 21A.40–21A.58
    • contributory negligence 21.61–21.62, 21.74
    • currency 21.130
    • fixed sums 21.131
    • GENCON clause 17.4
    • generally 21.1
    • liabilities to third party 18.115
    • mitigation 21.50–21.54
    • owners, by 21.110–21.130
    • reliance expenditure 21.3–21.4
    • remoteness of damage 18.245, 21.27, 21A.13
    • U.S. law 21A.1–21A.37
  • declaratory relief 21A.103
  • injunction 21.140
  • interest fees and costs 21.77, 21A.83
  • specific performance 21.144
• Breach of collateral warranty, damages for
  • indemnity, and 18.219
• “Breakdown”
  • generally 38.16, 39.8, 39A.14
• Bridge obstructions
  • ASBATANKVOY 40A.5
• Broken stowage
  • cargo, and 6.5
• Broker
  • effect of signature, and 2.35
  • liability of 23.9
  • name 2.19
• Brokerage
  • clause not reflecting true agreement 24.25
  • commission 24.11–24.15
  • liability of broker 23.9
  • name of broker 2.19
• Brokerage commission
  • ASBATANKVOY 24.15
  • GENCON 1976 24.26
• Brokerage commission (GENCON 1976)
  • calculation
    • breach of charter, on 24.19
    • earned freight, on 24.15
    • rescission of charter, on 24.16
    • variation of charter, on 24.16
  • enforcement of claim 1.4
  • freight paid net
    • express provision 24.12
    • introduction 24.11
    • no express provision 24.13
  • non-execution, for 24.21
  • U.S. law 24A.1
• Bulk cargo
  • f.i.o.s.t. clause, and 14.57
• Bunkering
  • deviation, and 12.5
  • seaworthiness, and 11.51

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  Page 1405

  Bunkers
  • cargo, and 6.10
• Burden of proof
  • cancelling clause, and 19.8
  • claims not arising from unseaworthiness 66.121, 66A.14
  • clause not arising from unseaworthiness 66.109
  • clause paramount, and 53A.13
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21A.5
  • deviation, and 12A.42
  • liens, and 17.12
  • owner’s responsibility clause, and 11.81
  • pumping in and out, and 41A.15
  • U.S. COGSA 66A.14–66A.15

• Calculation of laytime
  • basis of day
    • cargo loaded/unloaded per day 15A.114
    • cargo per hatch 15A.124
    • cargo per workable hatch 15A.119
    • U.S. law 15A.94
  • interruptions
    • cause beyond charterer’s control 15A.159
    • congestion 15A.165
    • contractual provisions 15A.150
    • generally 15.15
    • obstructions 15A.165
    • shipowner’s fault 15A.141
    • vis major 15A.134
  • introduction 38.1
  • “running days” 15A.95
  • separate amounts for loading/discharging 15A.127
  • Sundays and holidays 15.18, 15A.101
  • “time actually used before commencement” 15.56
  • “time waiting for berth” 15.57, 15A.11, 15A.85
  • “weather permitting” 15.16, 15A.104
  • “weather working day”
    • generally 15A.104
    • of 24 hours 15A.110
    • of 24 running hours 15A.113
    • U.S. law 15A.104–15A.113
  • “working days” 15A.98
• “Call at any ports in any order”
  • deviation, and 12.17, 59.3
• Cancelling clause
  • ASBATANKVOY 37.1–37A.20
  • GENCON 1976 19.1–19A.14
• Cancelling clause (GENCON 1976)
  • accrual of right
    • burden of proof 19.8
    • readiness 19.10–19.23
  • burden of proof 19.8
  • consecutive voyage charters, and 19.5
  • damages 19A.14
  • GENCON 19.1–19A.14
  • generally 19.1
  • method of cancellation 19.6
  • nature of right 19.1
  • notice of readiness 19.11
  • premature cancellation
    • charterer, by 19.28
    • introduction 19.27
    • owner, by 19.31–19.38
  • proceeding to loading port, and 19.25, 19.44, 19A.2
  • readiness
    • charterer’s breach 19.23
    • degree of readiness 19.16
    • introduction 19.10
    • place of vessel 19.14
    • role of notice of readiness 19.11
    • supervening unreadiness 19.20
    • time of day 19.21
  • strikes, and 19A.16
• “Captain to sign. . . bills of lading”
  • owner’s right to recourse, and 18.236
  • signature of bill of lading, and 18.174–18.178
• Capture and confiscation
  • deviation, and 12.12
• Cargo
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • generally 47.1
    • introduction 33.1
  • GENCON 1976
    • charterer’s obligations 7.1–7A.38
    • generally 6.1–6A.20
• Cargo (ASBATANKVOY)
  • generally 47.1
  • introduction 33.1
• Cargo (GENCON 1976)
  • ballast, and 6.4
  • BIMCO cargo clause 6.63
  • broken stowage, and 6.5
  • bunkers, and 6.10
  • charterer’s obligations to provide for loading
    • and see Cargo (charterer’s obligations)
    • exceptions to rule 7.6–7.19
    • general rule 7.1–7.5
    • options 7.21–7.28
  • dangerous goods
    • express prohibition 6.46
    • implied prohibition 6.49
    • inherent vice, and 6.57
    • legal obstacles 6.58
    • meaning 6.51
    • notice requirements 6.53
    • U.S. law 6A.1–6A.20
  • de minimis 6.21
  • deck cargo
    • exceptions to rule 7.6–7.19
    • general rule 6.23–6.29
    • rights and responsibilities 6.31–6.39
  • descriptive clauses, and 11.79
    • capacity of ship 1.78
    • fixed amount of cargo 6.15–6.20
    • stowage factor of cargo 6.14

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    Page 1406

    draught restrictions, and 5.25
  • fixed quantities
    • charterparty for cargo 6.19
    • de minimis 6.21
    • introduction 6.15
    • minima and maxima 6.16
    • options 6.18
    • part cargo 6.20
  • “full and complete cargo”
    • ballast 6.4
    • broken stowage 6.5
    • introduction 6.2
    • normal cargo space 6.3
    • preparation of goods 6.7
    • qualifications 6.9
    • stowage 6.5
  • harbours with bars, and 6.11
  • introduction 6.1
  • lawful merchandise 6.44
  • loading in breach 6.64
  • minimum and maximum quantities 6.16
  • option as to quantity 6.18
  • owner’s rights 6.41
  • part cargo 6.20
  • preparation of goods, and 6.7
  • proceeding on voyage 9.1–9A.1
  • stores, and 6.10
  • stowage, and 6.5
  • stowage factor, and 6.14
  • suitability of cargo 3A.35
  • types
    • introduction 6.42
    • lawful merchandise 6.44
    • specifically described cargo 6.43
  • water, and 6.10
• Cargo carrying capacity
  • ASBATANKVOY 29.5
  • GENCON 1976
    • “about” 3.23
    • generally 3A.8
    • “without guarantee” 3.40
• Cargo (charterer’s obligations)
  • cargo options 7.21–7.28
    • failure to exercise 7.26
    • introduction 7.21
    • method of exercise 7.25
    • nomination of delayed cargo 7.27
    • revocation 7.28
  • consequences of breach 7.5
  • contracts of affreightment 7A.34
  • customary place of storage 7.11
  • damages 7A.30
  • excepted perils 7.16
  • exceptions to rule
    • customary place of storage 7.11
    • excepted perils 7.16
    • express clauses 7.9–7.19
    • frustration of charterparty 7.6
    • illegality 7.8
    • provision of cargo 7.6–7.19
  • express clauses
    • customary place of storage 7.11
    • general principle of interpretation 7.10
    • introduction 7.9
  • frustration of charterparty 7.6
  • general rule 7.1
  • loading in turn 7.3
• Cargo claims
  • freight, and 13.70
• Cargo conversion
  • generally 53A.44
• Cargo, damage to 21.124
• Cargo gear, operation of
  • f.i.o.s.t. clause, and 14.46
  • gross terms, and
    • elevators 14.21
    • generally 14.19
    • large packages 14.20
    • spout 14.21
• Cargo interest
  • introduction 18.78
  • transfer of liabilities
    • assignment, by 18.79
    • generally 18.85
    • implied contract, under 18.79, 18.113
    • introduction 18.83
    • relevant documents 18.81–18.83
  • transfer of rights
    • assignment, by 18.79
    • generally 18.85–18.87
    • implied contract, under 18.79, 18.113
    • introduction 18.83
    • relevant documents 18.81–18.83
• Cargo, lost
  • in-transit loss clauses 34.11
• Cargo retention clause
  • clause paramount, and 53A.34
  • freight, and 34.8
• Cargo taxes
  • loading/discharging cargo, and 14A.3
• Cargo voyage
  • ASBATANKVOY 33.17–33.22
  • GENCON 1976 9.1
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924
  • general provisions A3.1
  • schedule 66.55
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971
  • general provisions A1.1
  • schedule 66.382
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
  • general provisions 18.30, 18.81–18.106
• Carriage

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  Page 1407

  of Goods by Sea (Parties to Convention) Order 1985
  • general provisions A1.2
  • schedule A1.2
• Carrier
  • GENCON 1976 18.66
  • governing law, and 1.1
  • Hague Rules 66.59, 66A.6–66A.8
• Cash payment (freight)
  • bills of lading, and
    • differing terms as to earning of freight 18.212
    • generally 13.57–13.59
    • prepaid bills 13.116
  • generally 13.57–13.59
• Causation
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.50
  • general average, and 20.26
  • indemnity, and 18.245
• CERCLA
  • derivative liability, and 2A.25
• Certificates of financial responsibility
  • oil pollution, and 65A.3
• Cesser clauses
  • and see Liens
  • cost of exercise of lien, and 21.77
  • exercise of lien, and 17A.46
  • general average, and 20.62
  • U.S. law 17A.46
• Chartered tonnage
  • description of ship, and 3.13
• Charterer
  • authority of agents 2.22–2.34
  • identity 2A.4
  • signature of bill of lading, and 18.178
  • title to sue 18.85
• Charterer’s bill of lading
  • generally 18.2
• Charterer’s obligations
  • charterer’s breach 7A.8
  • cargo provision, and
    • exceptions to rule 7.6–7.19
    • general rule 1.128
    • options 7.21–7.28
  • contracts of affreightment 7A.34
  • damages 7A.30
  • “fairly evenly spread” 7A.38
  • general rule 1.128
  • implied terms, and 1.128
• Charterer’s risk
  • deck cargo, and 6.34
  • generally 6.23–6.41
• Charterparty
  • meaning 18.2
• Charterparty bill of lading
  • “conditions” and “terms” distinguished 1.130
  • generally 18.2
  • terms
    • “terms” distinguished 1.130
    • identification of charterparty 18.60
    • incorporation into bill 18.48
    • introduction 18.47
• Charterparty clause
  • description of goods 18.180
  • loss of cargo after payment of advance 18.216
  • rate of freight
    • agreement to discharge port outside agreed range 13.31
    • cash payment 13.57–13.59
    • form of bill at charterer’s discretion 18.179
    • generally 13.13
    • non-specific form of bill required 18.189
    • specific form of bill required 18.185
  • signature of bill of lading
    • as presented 18.207
    • captain, by 18.174
    • charterer, by 18.178
    • mate’s receipts, in accord with 18.182
    • without prejudice to charterparty 18.184, 18.208
  • statements in bill of lading 18.206
• Charterparty Laytime Definitions
  • generally 15.2
  • text A4.2
• Cheque payment
  • freight, and 13.59
• Choice of law
  • chosen by parties
    • demonstration of reasonable certainty, by 1.33
    • express choice, by 1.30
    • “floating” clauses 1.31
    • general rule 1.27
    • other indication, by 1.38
  • Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990, under 1.27
  • course of dealing, and 1.35
  • demonstration of reasonable certainty, by
    • course of dealing 1.35
    • express choice of forum 1.36
    • introduction 1.33
    • other indications 1.38
    • particular words 15A.21
    • reference to provisions of system of law 1.37
    • use of standard form 1.34
  • express choice, by 1.30
  • express choice of forum, and 1.36
  • “floating” clauses 1.31
  • GENCON 1994, and 27A.1
  • general average, and 20.3
  • introduction 1.33
  • limitation of shipowners’ liability, and 1.50
  • no choice made by parties
    • “carrier” 1.42
    • “consignor” 1.44
    • “contract for the carriage of goods” 1.40–1.41

    • ---

      Page 1408

      generally 1.39
    • “place of loading/discharge” 13.54
  • other indication, by 1.38
  • particular words, and 15A.21
  • procedural law 1.50
  • reference to provisions of system of law, and 1.37
  • role 1.47
  • Rome Convention 1990, under 1.27–1.43
  • use of standard form, and 1.34
• Civil commotion
  • Hague Rules, and 66.329
  • war risks, and 26.23
• Civil Liability Conventions 1969 & 1992
  • oil pollution, and 32.4–32.6, 65.2, 65.4, 65A.1–65A.6
• Civil War
  • war risks, and 26.23
• Classification of terms
  • conditions 1.130
  • intermediate term 1.133
  • introduction 1.128
  • warranty 1.132
• Classification society
  • ASBATANKVOY 3.28
  • GENCON 1976 3.27, 3A.23
• Clause paramount
  • ASBATANKVOY 53.1–53A.49
  • GENCON 1976
    • dangerous goods 6.62
    • owners’ responsibility clause 11A.12
  • Hague Rules
    • generally 66.1–66.8
    • introduction 66.1
• Clausing
  • bill of lading, and 18.22
• Clean bill of lading
  • captain’ signature, and 18.236
• Cleaning
  • acceptance 49A.27
  • charterer’s liability 49A.28
  • charterer’s satisfaction 49A.9
  • frustration 49A.26
  • generally 49.1
  • nitrogen purging 49A.32
  • owner’s responsibility 49A.1
  • rejection 49A.22
• “Clear days”
  • definition A4.2
• Closest and most real connection
  • conflict of laws, and 1.27
• Closing hatches
  • f.i.o.s.t. clause, and 14.50
• COAs
  • meaning 1.2
• Coating
  • description 3A.32
• COFRs
  • oil pollution, and 65A.3, 65A.5
• Collateral warranty, damages for breach of
  • indemnity, and 18.219
• Combined transport bill of lading
  • generally 18.3
• Commencement of laytime
  • ASBATANKVOY 38.1–38.24
• Commencement of laytime (GENCON 1976)
  • charterer’s delay 7.27
  • notice of readiness
    • acceptance 15.29
    • fixed free period 15.53
    • generally 15.29–15.39
    • waiver 15.29
    • U.S. law 38A.1–38A.70
  • place 13.54
  • readiness to load/discharge 15.39
• Commercial purpose
  • frustration, and 22.10
  • interpretation of terms, and 22.10
• Commodity exchange price
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.392
• “Computed on intake quantity”
  • and see Intake quantity
  • freight, and 34.2
• Concluding binding agreement
  • intention to contract 1.12
  • introduction 1.3
  • prerequisites 1.4–1.5
  • “subject to contract” et al. 1.16
• Conclusive evidence clauses
  • bill of lading, and 13.10, 18.33
• “Condition”
  • laytime, and 38.16
• Condition of vessel and gear
  • description of ship, and 3.34
• Condition, statements as to
  • clausing 18.22
  • generally 18.16
• “Condition unknown”
  • bill of lading, and 18.17
• Conditions
  • and see Terms of charter
  • bill of lading, and 18.16
  • description of ship, and
    • flag 3.32, 3A.21
    • generally 3.2
  • generally 1.130
  • “terms” distinguished 1.130
• Conflict of laws rules
  • closest and most real connection 1.27
  • duress, and 1.93
  • express choice 1.30
  • implied choice
    • agreement of parties 1.28–1.38
    • arbitration clause 1.36

    • ---

      Page 1409

      circumstances taken into court 1.36
    • exclusive jurisdiction clause 66.25
    • incorporation of documents 1.38
  • introduction 1.93
• CONGENBILL 2007
  • text A5.8
• Congestion
  • ASBATANKVOY 38A.41
  • generally 15A.165
• Conline bill of lading
  • generally 18.3
• “Consecutive days”
  • definition A4.2
• Consecutive voyage charter
  • cancelling clause, and 19.5
  • frustration, and 22.31
  • meaning 19.5
  • name of vessel, and 3.5–3.7
  • unjustified deviation, and 12.30
• Consequential delays
  • strikes, and 15.26
• “Consignor”
  • governing law, and 1.40
• Consolidation
  • U.S. law 2A.28
• Containers
  • deck cargo, and 6.29
• “Contamination”
  • responsibility of owners, and 49.10
• Contract of affreightment
  • illegality 1.51
  • meaning 1.51
  • name of vessel, and 3.5–3.7
• Contract for the carriage of goods
  • governing law, and 1.41
  • Hague Rules, and 66.467
• Contract of carriage, bill of lading as
  • cargo interest
    • introduction 18.78
    • transfer of rights and liabilities 18.83–18.85
  • carrier’s identity 18.66
  • charterparty terms
    • identification of charterparty 18.60
    • incorporation into bill of lading 18.48
    • introduction 18.47
  • identity of carrier 18.66
  • introduction 18.45
  • parties
    • bailees 18.119–18.124
    • cargo interest 18.78
    • carrier 18.66
    • introduction 18.65
    • lawful holder of bill 18.85
    • owner’s employees 18.136
    • shipper 66.59
    • stevedores 18.136
    • third partis 18.115
  • shipper
    • introduction 6.24
    • transfer of rights and liabilities 18.78–18.80
  • transfer of rights and liabilities
    • assignment, by 18.79
    • CGSA 1992, under 18.83–18.106
    • implied contract, under 18.109–18.114
    • introduction 18.81
• Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990
  • and see Governing law
  • generally 1.27
• Contracts of affreightment
  • illegality 1.51
  • meaning 7A.34
• Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
  • text 18.138, 24.3–24.7, 66.225
• Contracts to indemnify
  • express 18.221
  • implied 18.222
• Contractual liability
  • bill of lading, and 18.15
• Contributing interests
  • general average, and 20.32
• Contributory negligence
  • claimant’s fault 21.71
  • costs 21.77
  • defendant’s fault 21.63–21.65
  • introduction 21.61
  • limitation 21.74
  • statutory provisions 21.62
• “Corporate veil”
  • arbitration 2A.22
  • generally 2.39
  • liability of party 2.39
  • liability in tort 2.45, 18.14
  • tort 2A.24
  • transfer of assets 2.43
• Corrosive goods
  • BIMCO cargo clause 6.63
  • clause paramount, and 6.62
  • express prohibition 6.46
  • implied prohibition 6.49–6.51
  • improper stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
  • inherent vice, and 6.57
  • legal obstacles 6.58
  • meaning 6.46
  • negligent stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
  • notice requirements 6.53
  • U.S. law 6A.20
• Costs
  • loading/discharging cargo, and 14A.1
• Costs of proceedings
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.77

• ---

  Page 1410

  Course of dealing
  • governing law, and 1.35
• Crude oil washing
  • acceptance 49A.27
  • charterer’s liability 49A.28
  • charterer’s satisfaction 49A.9
  • frustration 49A.26
  • generally 49.1
  • nitrogen purging 49A.32
  • owner’s responsibility 49A.1
  • rejection 49A.22
• Cubic capacity
  • description of ship, and 3.20–3.21, 3.24
  • deadfreight, and 35A.4
• Currency of loss
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 21.130
• Currency of payment
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.130, 21.130
  • freight, and 13.48
• Current market price
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.393
• Custom
  • deck cargo, and 6.27
  • deviation, and 6.27
  • discharge cargo, and 6.27
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.100
  • laytime, and 15A.8
  • lighterage, and 14.61
  • loading cargo, and 15A.8
• “Customary anchorage”
  • generally 38A.9
• Customary Freight Unit
  • under U.S. COGSA 66A.2, 66A.36–66A.41
• Customary place of storage
  • cargo (charterer’s obligations), and 7.11
• “Customs clearance”
  • ASBATANKVOY 38A.20
  • GENCON 1976 15A.47
• “Customary despatch”
  • definition A4.2

• “Damage caused by contact with other goods”
  • owner’s responsibility, and 11.14
• Damage to cargo
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.124, 21A.66
  • freight, and 13.81
  • frustration, and 22.22
• Damage to ship
  • damages for breach of contract, and 21.107
  • frustration, and 22.18
• Damaged goods
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.389
• Damages
  • actual, under U.S. COGSA 66A.50
  • apportionment 5A.40
  • breach of charter, for
    • and see Damages for breach of charter
    • assessment 21.5
    • charterer’s, by 21A.40–21A.58
    • contributory negligence 21.61–21.77
    • currency 21.130
    • fixed sums 21.131
    • GENCON clause 17.4
    • generally 21.134
    • liabilities to third party 18.115
    • mitigation 21.50
    • owners, by 21A.64–21A.73
    • reliance expenditure 21.3–21.4
    • remoteness of damage 18.245, 21.27, 21A.13
    • U.S. law 7A.8–7A.32
  • breach of collateral warranty, for 18.219
  • deadfreight, and 21A.46
  • demurrage 31.3
  • deviation 59.1–59.7
  • exceptions 50.1
  • freight 31.1
  • “full cargo” 35.4
  • Hague Rules (Article III), under 18.220
  • Hague-Visby Rules, under
    • commodity exchange price 66.392
    • currency of loss 21.130
    • current market price 66.393
    • damaged goods 66.389
    • date of ascertainment of value 66.399
      • late delivery 66.390
      • lost goods 66.389
      • normal value 66.395
      • relevant price 66.391
      • subsidy loss 66.396
      • total amount recoverable 66.485
      • value of goods 66.391
    • differences from indemnity
      • causation 18.245
      • generally 18.244
      • limitation of action 18.246
      • remoteness 18.245
    • examples
      • captain to sign clean bill of lading 18.236
      • departure from bill 18.240
      • inaccurate statements in bill 18.231
      • manifestly unlawful act 18.241
      • terms of bill differ from charter 18.225
      • unsigned bill 18.239
  • introduction 21.1
  • misrepresentation 1.79–1.82
  • U.S. law 7A.30–7A.32, 15A.139, 16A.20, 21A.25, 21A.41–21A.45
• Damages for breach of charter
  • ASBATANKVOY 62.1–62.3
  • GENCON 1976 21.1–21.145
• Damages for breach of charter (GENCON 1976)
  • anticipatory repudiation 21A.76
  • arbitration awards 21.82
  • assessment

    • ---

      Page 1411

      accepted repudiatory breach 21.7
    • introduction 21.5
    • non-determining breach 21.15
  • burden of proof 21A.5
  • cargo damage, for 11.7
  • causation 21.50
  • charterers, by
    • detention of ship 21.101, 21A.58
    • failure to nominate loading port 21.90
    • failure to provide cargo 21.92, 21A.41
    • loss of profit 21.96
    • nomination of unsafe port 21.95
    • physical damage to ship 21.107, 21A.56
    • U.S. law 7A.30
  • contributory negligence
    • claimant’s fault 21.71
    • costs 21.77
    • defendant’s fault 21.63–21.65
    • introduction 21.61
    • limitation 21.74
    • statutory provisions 21.62
  • costs of proceedings 21.77
  • currency 21.130
  • damage to cargo, for 21.124, 21A.66
  • delivery delay, for 11.7
  • detention of ship, for 21.101, 21A.58
  • failure to load complete cargo, for 21A.46
  • failure to nominate loading port, for 21.90
  • failure to provide cargo, for 21.92, 21A.41
  • failure to provide loading ship, for 21.110, 21A.64
  • fixed sums 21.131
  • GENCON clause 17.4
  • generally 21.134
  • indemnity, and 21.78–21.83
  • interest 21A.83
  • introduction 21.1
  • judgments 21.78
  • liabilities to third party
    • arbitration awards 21.82
    • costs of proceedings 21.77
    • introduction 18.115
    • judgments 21.78
    • settlement 21.78
  • loading delay, for 5.116
  • loss of bargain, for 1.83
  • loss of profit, for
    • introduction 21.96
    • multiple substitute charters 21.96
    • sub-charters 21.129
  • mitigation
    • disproportionate costs A4.1
    • generally 21.50
    • time when duty arises 21.54
    • U.S. law 21A.25
  • nomination of unsafe port, for 21.95
  • non-delivery, for 21.119, 21A.69
  • obstacles 5.89, 6.58
  • optional methods of performance 21.19, 21A.12
  • owners, by
    • cargo damage 11.7
    • delivery delay 11.7
    • failure to provide loading ship 21.110, 21A.64
    • loading delay 5.116
    • non-delivery 21.119, 21A.69
    • short delivery 21.119, 21A.69
    • short loading 21.115, 21A.65
    • sub-charters 21.129
    • title to sue 18.85
    • U.S. law 11A.1–11A.71
  • physical damage to ship, for 21.107, 21A.56
  • punitive sums 21A.92
  • reliance expenditure 21.3–21.4
  • recovery of expenses 13A.48, 21A.8
  • remoteness of damage 18.245, 21.27, 21A.13
  • restitutio in integrum, and 21A.2
  • settlement costs 21.78
  • short delivery, for 21.119, 21A.69
  • short loading, for 21.115, 21A.65
• Damages for detention
  • demurrage, and 16.11, 16A.8, 21.101, 21A.58
  • lien, for 17A.8
• Dangerous goods
  • GENCON 1976
    • BIMCO cargo clause 6.63
    • clause paramount, and 6.62
    • express prohibition 6.46
    • implied prohibition 6.49–6.51
    • improper stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
    • inherent vice, and 6.57
    • legal obstacles 6.58
    • meaning 6.46
    • negligent stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
    • notice requirements 6.53
    • U.S. law 6A.20
  • Hague Rules
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433, 66A.56–66A.58
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
    • U.S. COGSA 66A.56
• Date of loading, statements as to
  • bill of lading, and 18.39
• “Day”
  • definition A4.2
• “Day by day”
  • demurrage, and 16.16
• De minimis
  • cargo, and 6.21

• ---

  Page 1412

  Deadfreight
  • ASBATANKVOY 35.1–35.12
  • cubic capacity, versus 35A.4
  • damages 21A.46
  • defenses 35A.7
  • GENCON 1976 21A.46
  • general 35.1
  • liens, and 17A.8
  • payment liability 12.33
  • protest of short-loading 35A.2
  • U.S. law 21A.46, 35A.1
• Deadweight capacity
  • ASBATANKVOY 29.2
  • GENCON 1976
    • “about” 3.23
    • generally 3.19
    • “without guarantee” 3.40
• Deballasting time
  • ASBATANKVOY 38A.65
• Deceit, tort of
  • and see Misrepresentation
  • damages, and 1.56
• Deck cargo
  • deviation, and 12A.53
  • exceptions to rule
    • containers 6.29
    • custom of trade 6.27
    • express provision 6.23–6.30
    • specially designed vessel 6.28
  • freight, and 6.41
  • general average 6.39
  • general rule 6.23
  • Hague Rules, and 6.37
  • rights and responsibilities
    • authorised deck carriage 6.32
    • entitlement to freight 6.31
    • unauthorised deck carriage 6.32
  • seaworthiness, and 6.33
  • shipper’s risk, and 6.34
  • stowage, and 6.5
• “Default”
  • owner’s responsibility, and 11.60
• Delay
  • damages for breach of charter, and
    • delivery 21.90–21.92, 21.123
    • loading 21.90, 21.115, 21.121
  • demurrage, and 16.5
  • deviation, and
    • common law, at 18.25
    • generally 12.1–12.46
    • introduction 12.1
    • other clauses 12.24
    • unjustifiable 12.28–12.44
    • U.S. law 12A.1, 12A.31
  • frustration, and 22.19, 22.25
  • assessment 21.5
  • loading cargo 12.6
  • ship 12.11
• Delegation
  • nomination of port, and 5.6
• Deletions
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.117
• Delivered quantity
  • conclusive evidence 13.10, 18.33
  • generally 13.9
• Delivery of cargo
  • bill of lading, and 18.218–18.246
  • damages for delay 5.116
  • damages for non-delivery 21.119, 21A.69
  • damages for short delivery 21.119, 21A.69
  • deviation, and
    • post-affirmation 12.41–12.44
    • post-rescission 12.29–12.37
  • express provisions
    • agent 10.2–10.4
    • land and warehouse goods 10.22
  • failure to take
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • generally 10.20
  • f.i.o. terms, on 10.6
  • freight, and
    • generally 13.20, 13.27
    • right and true 13.79
  • introduction 10.1
  • meaning 10.2
  • method 10.17
  • mixed goods, and
    • apportioning unidentifiable goods 10.17
    • introduction 10.11
    • shipowner’s fault 10.16
    • shipper’s fault 10.16
    • shipowners/consignees goods 10.20–10.27
  • notification of readiness 10.9
  • place 13.54
  • recipients 10.2
  • U.S. law 10A.1
  • warehousing goods, and 10.22
• Delivery, payment on
  • generally 13.74
  • right and true 13.79
• Delivery of vessel
  • description of ship 3A.3
  • speed, and 3.35
• Demise charter
  • meaning 1.1
• Demonstration of reasonable certainty
  • and see Governing law
  • course of dealing 1.35
  • express choice of forum 1.36
  • introduction 1.33
  • other indications 1.38
  • particular words 15A.21
  • reference to provisions of system of law 1.37
  • use of standard form 1.34

• ---

  Page 1413

  Demurrage
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • generally 39.3–39.11
    • introduction 39.1
  • definition A4.2
  • GENCON 1976 16.1–16.21
• Demurrage (ASBATANKVOY)
  • calculation of rate 39A.22
  • “delay by tugboat” 39.10
  • exceptions
    • duration 39.11
    • half rate demurrage 39.4–39.9
    • introduction 39.3
  • explosion 39.5
  • fire 66.281
  • generally 31.3
  • half rate 39.4
  • interest 21A.83
  • introduction 31.1
  • laches 20A.19
  • lock-out 25.5
  • machinery breakdown 38.16, 39.8, 39A.14
  • period of excused delay 39.11
  • storm 39.6
  • strike 39.7, 39.10, 39A.10, 39A.20
  • strike by tugboat crew 39.10
  • time bars 12A.52
• Demurrage (GENCON 1976)
  • damages for detention, and 16.11, 16A.8, 21.101, 21A.58
  • delay 16.5
  • duration 16A.17
  • exceptions clause 7.9–7.19
  • generally 16.2
  • introduction 16.1
  • liens, and 17A.8
  • mitigation, and 16.6, 21.50
  • persons liable 16.18
  • shipowner’s fault 16.5
  • strikes, and 25A.13
  • time bar clauses 16.21
  • time for payment 16.16
• Departure from bill
  • indemnity, and 18.240
• Deposit
  • New Jason clause 20A.22
• Description of ship (ASBATANKVOY) 29.1–29.8
• Description of ship (GENCON 1976)
  • accuracy of Register 3.39
  • bale capacity 3.19
  • cargo carrying capacity 3A.8
  • chartered tonnage 3.13
  • classification society 3A.23
  • condition of vessel and gear 3.34
  • deadweight capacity
    • “about” 3.23
    • generally 3.19
    • “without guarantee” 3.40
  • draught on arrival 3.22
  • flag 3.32, 3A.21
  • grab discharge suitability 3A.35
  • introduction 3.1
  • length 3A.27
  • name
    • generally 3.5, 3A.5
    • nomination, and 3.6
    • substitution, and 3.7
  • nationality 3.32
  • nomination of vessel 3.6
  • oil major approvals 3.29
  • registered tonnage 3.18
  • self-discharging 3A.35
  • speed 3.35
  • substitution of vessel 3.7
  • sugar charters 3A.41
  • term, as
    • introduction 3.2
    • type 3.2
  • time of compliance 3.4
  • transhipment, and 13.24
  • “without guarantee” 3.40
• “Despatch”
  • definition 16A.22
• “Despatch money”
  • definition A4.2
• “Despatch on all time saved”
  • definition A4.2
• “Despatch on all working time saved”
  • definition A4.2
• Destruction of cargo
  • frustration, and 22.22
• Detention of ship
  • damages for 21.101, 21A.58
• Deviation
  • ASBATANKVOY 59.1–59.7
  • BIMCO clause 12.23
  • bunkering 12.5
  • burden of proof 12A.42
  • “call at any ports in any order” 12.17, 59.3
  • capture or confiscation 12.12
  • customary route 12.2
  • deck cargo 12A.53
  • delay 12.8
  • direct route
    • discharging cargo, and 12.6
    • generally 12.4
    • loading cargo, and 12A.19
    • navigation, and 12.4
  • discharging cargo 12.6
  • express provisions 12.28
  • “for any purpose” 12.20
  • GENCON 1976

    • ---

      Page 1414

      “call at any ports in any order” 12.17, 59.3
    • “for any purpose” 12.20
    • generally 12.1–12.46
    • saving life or property 12.22
    • “tow and assist vessels” 12.21
    • U.S. law 12A.1–12A.53
  • GENCON 1994 12.1
  • generally 12.1–12.46
  • Hague Rules
    • effect of reasonable deviation 66.363
    • effect of unreasonable deviation 66.364
    • effect on other terms 66.361
    • introduction 66.206
    • reasonableness 12.4, 12A.9
    • saving life or property 12.22
  • introduction 12.1
  • limitation of liability 12A.47
  • loading cargo 12.4, 12A.9
  • navigational reasons 12A.9
  • necessity
    • avoid capture or confiscation 12.12
    • fill-up cargo 12.14
    • generally 12.10
    • reasonableness 12.15
    • repairs 12.11
    • save life 12.13
  • other clauses 12.16
  • owners’ responsibility clause, and 11.3
  • proceeding to loading port, and 1.130
  • repairs 12.11
  • saving life or property
    • GENCON clause 17.4
    • generally 12.22
  • time bar 12A.52
  • “tow and assist vessels” 12.21
  • unjustifiable deviation, effect of
    • introduction 12.28
    • post-affirmation delivery 12.41–12.44
    • post-rescission delivery 12.29–12.37
  • unseaworthiness 66.109
  • U.S. law 12A.9
  • usual and customary route
    • bunkering 12.5
    • generally 12.2, 12A.6
• Director
  • effect of signature, and 2.9
• Disbursements at loading port
  • generally 13.92, 13.93
  • insurance cover 13.98
  • need 13.94
  • rate of exchange 13.97
• “Discharge from all liability”
  • Hague Rules 66.171
• Discharging cargo
  • background 5.1
  • bagging bulk cargo 14.57
  • cargo gear
    • f.i.o.s.t. terms 14.46
    • gross terms 14.19–14.21
  • cargo taxes 14A.3
  • closing hatches 14.50
  • costs 14A.1
  • custom of port 15A.8
  • deviation, and 12.6
  • exception clauses 14.62
  • f.i.o.s.t. terms
    • bagging bulk cargo 14.57
    • cargo gear 14.46
    • closing hatches 14.50
    • effect 14.36
    • incorporation 14.38
    • introduction 14.36
    • loading space with difficult access 14.51
    • opening hatches 14.50
    • stevedores 14.52
    • supervision of captain 14.40
    • winchmen 14.46
  • gross terms
    • cargo gear 14.19–14.21
    • introduction 14.9
    • point of delivery and receipt 14.10–14.16
    • reload 14.29
    • seaworthy trim 14.30
    • stowage 6.5
  • Hague Rules, and
    • burden of proof 53A.13, 66A.14–66A.15
    • “discharge” 66.115
    • introduction 66.115
    • “properly and carefully” 66.117
  • lighterage 14.61
  • liner terms 14.60
  • loading space with difficult access 14.51
  • opening hatches 14.50
  • point of delivery and receipt 14.10–14.16
  • port dues 14A.3
  • reload 14.29
  • seaworthy trim 14.30
  • ship’s rail rule
    • cost of operations 14.3
    • generally 41A.12–41A.14
    • problems 14.2
    • risk of operations 14.3
  • stevedores 14.52
  • stowage 6.5
  • strikes, and 25.16
  • supervision of captain 14.40
  • winchmen 14.46
• Discharging port
  • acceptance 5A.12
  • ASBATANKVOY 35A.1–35A.5
  • GENCON 1976 5.1–5.116

• ---

  Page 1415

  Discharging port (GENCON 1976)
  • definition A4.2
  • General Ice Clause
    • generally 27.15–27.17
    • safe port warranty, and 27.18–27.22
    • sub-clause (a) 27.15
    • sub-clause (b) 27.16
    • sub-clause (c) 27.17
  • ice, and
    • generally 45.6
    • safe port warranty, and 5A.11
  • identification
    • generally 5.4–5.7
  • introduction 4.10
  • master’s decisions 4A.22
  • nomination
    • bill of lading, under 5.7
    • charter’s obligation 5.8–5.18
    • delegation, by 5.6
    • effect 5.20
    • generally 5.4
    • impossibility 5.23–5.27
  • proceeding to 33.19
  • renomination 5.52
  • safe ports 5.35–5.88
  • safety
    • definition 5.58
    • particular vessel 5.71
    • types 5.59–5.69
    • warranty 5.30–5.107
  • unsafe conditions 5.59–5.69
  • waiver 5A.12
  • warranty of safety
    • choice from range of named ports 5.36
    • choice from range of unnamed ports 5.38
    • choice of berth within port 5.43
    • introduction 5.30
    • named ports 5.35
    • operative time 5.50–5.51
    • scope 5.80–5.85
• Discharging port, proceeding to
  • ASBATANKVOY 35A.1–35A.5
  • GENCON 1976 5.1–5.116
• Dispatch
  • generally 33.10
• Disponent owner
  • chartered tonnage, and 3.13
  • party, as 11.59
  • seaworthiness, personal want of due diligence 11.17, 11.52, 11A.43
• Dispute resolution
  • GENCON 1994, and 27A.4
• Document of title, bill of lading as
  • accomplished bills 18.149
  • bearer bills 18.143
  • delivery 18.161
  • effect of negotiability 18.151
  • exhausted bills 18.149
  • indorsement
    • generally 18.153
    • pledges 18.149
    • sales 18.156
  • introduction 18.142
  • misdelivery
    • generally 18.161
    • special terms, and 18.166
  • order bills
    • endorsement 17A.56
    • generally 18.143
  • received for shipment bills 66A.25
  • shipped on board bills 66.134–66.135
  • special terms
    • discharge against letter of indemnity 18.172
    • generally 18.166
  • stoppage in transit 18.157
  • straight bills 18.143
  • through bills 66.50
• Draught of vessel
  • “air draft” 3A.29
  • cargo, and 3.22
  • generally 3.22
  • “WLTHC” 3A.29
• “Due diligence”
  • Hague Rules 66.98
• Dues and taxes
  • ASBATANKVOY 43.1–43.3
  • GENCON 1976 14A.3
  • GENCON 1994 43A.2
• Dunnage
  • meaning 8.1
  • removal 8.4
  • separations 8.3
  • U.S. law 8A.1
• Duress
  • conflict of laws, and 1.93
  • generally 1.87

• Earned clause
  • introduction 13.111
  • “lost or not lost” 13.114, 13A.24
  • shipment, on 13.112
• Ejusdem generis
  • interpretation of terms, and 15A.160
• Election to sue party
  • generally 2.21
• Employees of carrier
  • bill of lading, and 18.115
• Employees of owner
  • bill of lading, and 18.136
• Environmental pollution
  • general average, and
    • generally 20.30
    • non-separation agreements 20.31, 20A.30

• ---

  Page 1416

  Equipment and supplies
  • seaworthiness, and 11.36
• Errors in navigation
  • Hague-Visby Rules 66.264
• Essential terms
  • and see Terms of charter
• Estoppel
  • bill of lading, and 18.12
• “Every way fitted”
  • dunnage, and 8.3
• Exceeding limit of liability
  • agreement for higher figure 66.419
  • declaration of value and nature 66.416–66.418
  • introduction 66.415–66.426
• “Excepted”
  • definition A4.2
• Excepted perils
  • proceeding to loading port, and 7.16
• Exception clauses
  • demurrage, and 15.24
  • ice
    • and see Ice
    • discharging port 45.5, 45.6
    • introduction 45.1
    • loading port 45.5, 45.6
    • U.S. law 45A.1
  • loading/discharging cargo, and 12.6
  • strikes, and
    • and see trikes
    • discharging cargo, and 25.1–25.17
    • exceptions 39.7, 39.10, 39A.10
    • generally 25.1–25.17
    • introduction 25.1
    • loading cargo, and 25.1–25.17
    • meaning 25A.4
    • U.S. law 25A.1–25A.13
  • war risks
    • and see War risks
    • conditions of rights and liberties 26.29
    • effect 26.76
    • extra expenses 26.68
    • freight 26.64
    • frustration, and 26.79
    • introduction 26.1–26.2
    • meaning 26.2
    • non-exercise of liberties 22.17
    • pre-existing risks 21.47
    • rights and liberties 26.44–26.63
• Exceptions to liability of carrier
  • act, etc., of master, etc. 66.264
  • act, etc., of shipper, etc. 66.160
  • Act of God 66.298
  • act of public enemies 66.305
  • act of war 66.301
  • any other cause arising without fault or privity 66.348
  • arrest of princes, etc. 66.307
  • civil commotion 26.23
  • fire 66.281
  • inadequacy of marks 66.137
  • inherent defect of goods 66.333
  • insufficiency of marks 66.137
  • insufficiency of packing 66.337
  • latent defects 66.345
  • lock-outs 66.323
  • perils of the seas 66A.28–66A.29
  • quarantine restrictions 66.317
  • restraint of labour 66.323
  • restraint of princes, etc. 66.307
  • riots 66.329
  • saving life or property 12.22
  • seizure under legal process 66.307
  • stoppage 18.157
  • strikes 39.7, 39.10, 39A.10
  • vice of goods 66.333
  • wastage in bulk or weight 66.333
• Exceptions to owners’ responsibility clause
  • burden of proof 11.81
  • contribution and indemnity 11A.71
  • descriptive clauses, and 11.79
  • financial loss 11.69
  • introduction 11.72
  • matters, acts or omissions 11.72
  • other clauses, and 11.76
  • when apply 11.74
• “Excluded”
  • definition A4.2
• Excluded cargoes (ASBATANKVOY)
  • flashpoint 44.3
  • vapour pressure 44A.1
• Exclusion of liability
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 21.40
• Exclusion of shipper’s liability
  • Hague Rules, and 66.354
• Exclusive jurisdiction
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.25
• Executory contracts
  • liens, and 17A.4
• Exemption clauses
  • Hague Rules, and
    • activities beyond those covered 66.245
    • “any clause, covenant or agreement” 66.226
    • “benefit of insurance” 66.250
    • “contract of carriage” 66.64
    • extent of effect 66.240
    • insurance agreements 66.250
    • introduction 66.468
    • “liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods” 66A.22
    • matters on which silent 66.248
    • only parts of term offend 66.243
    • periods beyond those covered 66.245
    • third party rights 18.141
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.95–1.96

• ---

  Page 1417

  Exhausted bills
  • bill of lading, and 18.149
• Existence of peril 20.21
• Expected ready to load date
  • “about” 4.9, 4A.2
  • general obligation 4.10–4.19
  • generally 4.5
  • reasonable grounds 4.8
• Expected time of arrival
  • notice 4.19
• Explosion
  • ASBATANKVOY 39.5
• Explosive goods
  • GENCON 1976
    • BIMCO cargo clause 6.63
    • clause paramount, and 6.62
    • express prohibition 6.46
    • implied prohibition 6.49–6.51
    • improper stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
    • inherent vice, and 6.57
    • legal obstacles 6.58
    • meaning 66.433
    • negligent stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
    • notice requirements 6.54
    • U.S. law 6A.20
  • Hague-Visby rules
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
• Express contract to indemnify
  • indemnity, and 18.221
• Express terms
  • external evidence 1.96
    • agreed meaning of expression 1.98
    • commercial purpose 22.10
    • custom 15A.8
    • factual background 1.96
    • resolution of ambiguity 1.101
    • special meaning 1.100
    • subsequent communication 1.102
    • technical meaning 1.99
  • generally 1.94
  • interpretation
    • external evidence 1.96
    • general principle 1.95
    • specific guidelines 1.104
• Extended freight
  • and see Demurrage
  • ASBATANKVOY 34A.10, 53A.42
  • GENCON 1976 7.9–7.19, 15A.141, 16.5, 16.11, 16.18, 21.50, 21.101, 21A.58
  • GENCON 1994 15A.17
• Extra expenses
  • war risks, and 26.68
• Extraordinary expenditure
  • general average, and 20.12
• Extraordinary sacrifice
  • general average, and 20.10

• Factual background
  • interpretation of terms, and 1.96
• Failure to load complete cargo
  • damages, and 21A.46
• Failure to nominate loading port
  • damages, and 21.90
• Failure to provide cargo
  • damages, and 21.92, 21A.41
• Failure to provide loading ship
  • damages, and 21.110, 21A.64
• Fair opportunity
  • U.S. COGSA 66A.44–66A.46
• “Fear of being frozen in”
  • ASBATANKVOY 45.1
  • GENCON 1976 45.1
• F.i.o. clause
  • delivery of cargo, and 10.6
  • improper stowage, and 11A.6
  • seaworthiness, and 11A.5
• F.i.o.s. clause
  • improper stowage, and 11.14–11.15
• F.i.o.s.t. clause
  • bad stowage
    • captain 14.40
    • owners 11.31
  • bagging bulk cargo 14.57
  • cargo gear 14.46
  • closing hatches 14.50
  • effect 14.36
  • incorporation 14.38
  • introduction 14.36
  • loading space with difficult access 14.51
  • opening hatches 14.50
  • stevedores 14.52
  • supervision of captain 14.40
  • winchmen 14.46
• Fire
  • demurrage, and 39.4
  • Hague Rules, and 66.281
• Fixed damages
  • and see Demurrage
  • generally 21.131
• Fixed free laytime
  • GENCON 1976
    • generally 15.53
    • “next working day” 15.55
    • U.S. law 15A.8, 15A.11, 15A.17
• “Fixed in good faith”
  • introduction 1.25

• ---

  Page 1418

  Flag of vessel
  • generally 3.32, 3A.21
• Flash point
  • ASBATANKVOY 44.3
• “Floating” clauses
  • governing law, and 1.31
• Flushing shore lines
  • pumping in and out, and 41.7
• “For account of”
  • parties to charter, and 2.10
• “For any purpose”
  • deviation, and 12.20
• Force majeure
  • U.S. law 15A.139–15A.140, 37A.20–37A.21
• Foreign currency
  • U.S. law 21A.85
• Formation of charter
  • ASBATANKVOY 28.3
  • GENCON 1976 1.1, 1A.1
• Forms
  • AMWELSH Coal Charter A5.1
  • ASBATANKVOY A5.7
  • BALTIMORE Form C Grain Charter Party A5.2
  • GENCON 1976 19A.12
  • NORGRAIN 1989 A5.5
  • SUGAR CHARTER-PARTY A5.6
• Fraud
  • piercing corporate veil, and 2.42, 2A.10
• Fraudulent misrepresentation
  • and see Misrepresentation
  • damages, and 1.80
• Free in, free out
  • delivery of cargo, and 11A.7
  • improper stowage, and 11A.7, 11A.33
  • seaworthiness, and 11A.7
• Free in and out, stowage
  • improper stowage, and
• Free in and out, stowage and trimming
  • improper stowage, and 11A.30
• “Free pratique”
  • ASBATANKVOY 38A.20
  • definition A4.2
  • GENCON 1976 15A.57
• Freedom of opportunity
  • U.S. COGSA 66A.44
• Freight
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • generally 31.1
    • introduction 31.1
    • two or more ports counting as one 46.1–46.7
  • GENCON 1976 13.1–13.126
  • GENCON 1994 13.120–13.126
• Freight (bills of lading)
  • cash payment
    • differing terms as to earning of freight 18.212
    • generally 13.57–13.59
    • prepaid bills 13.116
  • form of bill at charterer’s discretion
    • generally 18.179
    • implied restriction on charterer’s rights 18.204
  • generally 18.192
  • non-specific form of bill required
    • bill differs from charter 18.190
    • freight terms 18.192
    • generally 18.189
    • non-freight terms 18.200
  • specific form of bill required 18.185
• Freight (GENCON 1976)
  • advance payment
    • calculation 13.108
    • disbursements at loading port 13.92–13.98
    • introduction 13.102
    • loading, on 13.103
    • other provisions 13.102
    • sailing, on 13.104
    • signature of bill of lading 13.105
  • advance of date earned
    • introduction 13.111
    • “lost or not lost” 13.114, 13A.24
    • shipment, on 13.112
  • amount based on trading/ports 13A.14
  • bills of exchange 13.59
  • calculation
    • conclusive evidence 13.10
    • delivered quantity, on 13.9
    • intake quantity, on 13.6
    • introduction 13.4
  • cargo claims 13.70
  • cash payment 13.57–13.59
  • charterer’s fault 13.25
  • cheque payment 13.59
  • currency of payment 21.130
  • damaged cargo, and 13.81
  • deadfreight 21A.46
  • deck cargo, and 6.23–6.41
  • deductions
    • cargo claims 13.70
    • equitable set-off 13.63
    • legal set-off 13.68
    • procedural rules 13.69
  • delivered quantity
    • conclusive evidence 13.10
    • generally 13.9
    • introduction 13.9
  • delivery, payment on
    • generally 13.73
    • right and true 13.79
  • disbursements at loading port
    • generally 13.92, 13.93
    • insurance cover 13.98
    • need 13.94
    • rate of exchange 13.97

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    Page 1419

    earned clause
    • introduction 13.111
    • “lost or not lost” 13.114, 13A.24
    • shipment, on 13.112
    • U.S. law 13A.24
  • extended
    • and see Demurrage
    • damages for detention 16.11, 21.101, 21A.58
    • exceptions clause 7.9–7.19
    • introduction 34A.10
    • mitigation 21.50
    • persons liable 16.18
    • shipowner’s fault 15A.141, 16.5
    • time for payment 53A.42
    • U.S. law 34A.10
  • fixed sum
    • introduction 21.131
    • no cargo shipped or delivered 13.20
    • part cargo lost 6.20
    • short-shipped cargo 13.21
  • intaken quantity
    • conclusive evidence 13.10
    • generally 13.6
    • introduction 13.6
  • interest 21A.83
  • liability for payment
    • charterparty, under 13.49
    • generally 13.45–13.61, 13.73–13.116
    • third party, to 13.45
  • liens, and 17A.8
  • lumpsum
    • introduction 13A.5
    • no cargo shipped or delivered 13.20
    • part cargo lost 6.20
    • short-shipped cargo 13.21
    • U.S. law 13A.5
  • meaning 13.1
  • method of payment
    • cash 13.57
    • cheque 13.59
    • currency 13.48
    • place 13.54
    • time 13.55
  • no cargo shipped or delivered 13.20
  • overage 13.18
  • part cargo lost 6.20
  • payment
    • advance, in 13.02–13.108
    • delivery, on 13.74, 13.79
    • method 13.55–13.59
    • persons liable 16.18
    • place 13.54
    • prepayment 13.91, 13A.17, 17A.66
    • third party, to 13.45
    • time 13.55
  • per measurement unit 13A.5
  • place of payment 13.54
  • prepaid 13.116
  • pro rata
    • amount 13.30
    • introduction 13.27
    • new contract made 13A.57
    • U.S. law 13A.51
  • quantity of cargo
    • conclusive evidence 13.10
    • delivered quantity, on 6.16
    • intaken quantity, on 6.18
    • introduction 6.15
  • rate 13.31
  • set-off
    • equitable 13.63
    • legal 13.68
  • short-shipped cargo 13.21
  • time of payment 13A.66
  • time when earned 13A.59
  • transhipment 13.24
  • unjustified deviation, and 12.30
  • war risks, and 26.64
  • without discount 13.61, 13A.16
• Freight contractor
  • chartered tonnage, and 3.13
• Freight pre-paid bill of lading
  • liens, and 13.117
• Frustration
  • assessment of event 21.57
  • bailment terms 22.36
  • cargo (charterer’s obligations), and 22.22–22.25
  • commercial purpose, of 22.10
  • consecutive voyage charters, of 19.5
  • contractual events, and 22.3–22.4
  • damage
    • cargo 22.14, 21A.11
    • ship 22.18
  • delay, and
    • assessment 21.5
    • loading cargo 22.25
    • ship 22.19
  • destruction of cargo 22.22
  • effect 22.34
  • examples
    • damage to cargo 21.124, 21A.66
    • damage to ship 22.18
    • delay loading cargo 22.25
    • delay to ship 22.19
    • destruction of cargo 22.22
    • impossibility of discharging cargo 22.30
    • impossibility of route 22.27
    • introduction 22.16
    • loss of ship 22.17
  • fact or law 22.15
  • generally 1.141
  • ice, and 5.29

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    Page 1420

    impossibility
    • discharging cargo 22.30
    • route 22.27
  • interruption, and 22.11
  • introduction 1.141
  • loss of ship 22.17
  • self-induced
    • breach of contract, resulting from 22.3
    • introduction 22.2
    • without breach of contract, occurring 22.4
  • strikes, and 25.1
  • supervening events, and 21.17, 22.8–22.9
  • unforeseen expense 22.14
  • war risks, and
    • generally 26.1–26.85
    • introduction 26.1–26.2
• “Full and complete cargo”
  • ballast 6.4
  • broken stowage 6.5
  • deadfreight 21A.46
  • introduction 6.2
  • normal cargo space 6.3
  • preparation of goods 6.7
  • qualifications 6.9
  • stowage 6.5
• Fumigating
  • demurrage, and 3A.28
• Fumigation
  • ASBATANKVOY 48.1–48.3

• Gear, condition of
  • description of ship, and 3.34
• GENCON 1976
  • and see under individual headings
  • agency
    • port agents 23.1–23.10
    • ship’s agents 23.10
    • U.S. law 23A.1
  • amendments to
    • see GENCON 1994
  • bills of lading
    • contract of carriage 18.45–18.138
    • document of title, as 18.142–18.172
    • generally 18.1–18.3
    • owner’s right of recourse 18.217–18.241
    • receipt, as 18.8–18.39
    • U.S. law 18.246
  • breach of charter
    • damages 21.1–21.134
    • injunction 21.140
    • specific performance 21.144
    • U.S. law 21A.1–21A.103
  • brokerage
    • commission 24.11–24.15
    • introduction 24.1
    • liability of brokers 24.25
    • U.S. law 24A.1
  • cancelling clause
    • accrual of right 19.8
    • nature of right 19.1
    • premature cancellation 19.27–19.28
    • U.S. law 19A.1
  • cargo
    • charterer’s obligations 6.1
    • dangerous goods 6.46–6.63
    • deck cargo 6.23–6.41
    • introduction 6.1
    • owner’s rights 6.41
    • type 6.42–6.44
    • U.S. law 6A.1–6A.20
  • concluding binding agreement 1.3–1.26
  • damages for breach of charter
    • assessment 21.5
    • charterers, by 21A.40–21A.58
    • contributory negligence 21.61–21.77
    • currency 21.130
    • fixed sums 21.131
    • generally 21.1–21.88
    • liabilities to third party 18.115
    • mitigation 21.50
    • overview 21.1
    • owners, by 21A.64–21A.73
    • reliance expenditure 21.3–21.4
    • remoteness of damage 18.245, 21.27, 21A.13
    • U.S. law 21A.1–21A.103
  • delivery
    • express provisions 18.189–18.200
    • failure to take 10.20
    • introduction 10.1
    • method 10.7
    • mixed goods 10.11
    • nature 10.2
    • notification of readiness 10.9
    • place 13.54
  • demurrage
    • damages for detention 16.11, 16A.8, 21.101, 21A.58
    • exceptions clause 7.9–7.19
    • introduction 16.1
    • mitigation 16.6
    • persons liable 16.18
    • shipowner’s fault 16.5
    • time for payment 16.16
    • U.S. law 16A.5–16A.22
  • description of ship
    • accuracy of Register 3.39
    • arrival draft 3A.28
    • bale capacity 3.19
    • cargo carrying capacity 3A.8
    • chartered tonnage 3.13
    • classification society 3A.23
    • condition of tanks/holds 3A.32
    • condition of vessel and gear 3.34
    • cranes 3A.34

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      Page 1421

      deadweight capacity 3.19
    • flag 3.32, 3A.21
    • grab discharge, suitability 3A.35
    • gross and net registered tonnage 3A.7
    • introduction 3.1
    • length 3A.27
    • name 3.5–3.7, 3A.5
    • nationality 3.32
    • nomination of vessel 3.6
    • registered tonnage 3.18
    • ‘self-discharging’ 3A.35
    • shovel clean 3A.33
    • speed 3.35
    • substitution of vessel 3.7
    • sugar charters 3A.41
    • time of compliance 3.4
    • transhipment 13.24
  • deviation
    • generally 12.1–12.46
    • introduction 12.1
  • discharging
    • background 5.1
    • custom of port 15A.8
    • f.i.o.s.t. terms 14.51
    • gross terms 14.21
    • U.S. law 5A.1–5A.40
  • dunnage
    • meaning 8.1
    • removal 8.4
    • separations 8.3
    • U.S. law 8.5
  • duress 1.87–1.93
  • formation of charter 1.1, 1A.1
  • freight
    • advance payment 13.87–13.111
    • calculation 13.108
    • cash payment 13.57–13.59
    • charterer’s fault 13.25
    • damaged cargo, and 13.81
    • deductions 13.63
    • delivery, and 13.27
    • liability for payment 13.45–13.61, 13.73–13.116
    • lumpsum 13A.5
    • meaning 13.1
    • method of payment 13.48
    • place of payment 13.54
    • prepayment 13.116
    • pro rata 13.27, 13A.51
    • rate 13.13
    • time of payment 13A.66
    • transhipment 13.24
    • U.S. law 13A.1–13A.71
  • frustration
    • assessment of event 21.57
    • bailment terms 22.36
    • commercial purpose, of 22.10
    • consecutive voyage charters 19.5
    • effect 22.34
    • examples 22.1
    • fact or law 22.15
    • introduction 1.141
    • self-induced 22.2
    • supervening events 21.17, 22.8–22.9
    • unforeseen expense 22.14
  • general average
    • cesser clauses 20.62
    • English law 20.1
    • forum clauses 20.52
    • generally 20.1–20.62
    • governing law 20.2
    • limitation of actions 18.246, 20.53
    • U.S. law 20A.1–20A.31
    • York-Antwerp Rules 20.5–20.26
  • governing law
    • and see Governing law
    • chosen by parties 1.28
    • introduction 1.27
    • no choice made by parties 1.39
    • role 1.47
  • ice
    • discharging port 45.5, 45.6
    • introduction 45.1
    • loading port 45.5, 45.6
    • U.S. law 45A.1
  • illegality 1.51
  • laytime
    • commencement 15.29
    • duration 15A.111, 15A.142
    • exceptions 15.21–15.28
    • generally 15.1–15.70
    • interruptions 15.14–15.15
    • introduction 15.1
    • nature 15.1
    • notice of readiness 15.29–15.39
    • shifting 15.66–15.70
    • shipowner’s fault 15A.141
    • U.S. law 15A.1–15A.165
  • liens
    • burden of proof 17.12
    • charterer as bill of lading holder 17.44
    • creation 17.14
    • exercise 17.23–17.28, 17A.46
    • failure to exercise 17.10
    • nature 17.1
    • scope 5.80–5.85
    • sums due under charterparty 17.19
    • U.S. law 17A.1–17A.73
  • loading
    • background 5.1
    • custom of port 15A.8
    • f.i.o.s.t. terms 14.51

    • ---

      Page 1422

      gross terms 14.21
    • U.S. law 5A.1–5A.40
  • misrepresentation 1.79–1.82
  • mistake 1.64–1.73
  • owner’s responsibility
    • introduction 11.1
    • liabilities accepted 11.6–11.60
    • liabilities excepted 11.69, 11.72, 11.74, 11.79
  • parties
    • authority of agents 2.22–2.34
    • consolidated class actions in arbitration 2A.40
    • consolidation in arbitration 2A.27
    • identity 2.2
    • introduction 1.12–1.26
    • non-signatories in arbitration 2A.33
    • parties in interest 2A.26
    • ‘piercing corporate veil’ 2.39
    • piercing corporate veil in arbitration 2A.22
    • piercing corporate veil in tort cases 2A.24
    • title to sue 18.85
  • ports, places and berths
    • identification 5.4–5.7
    • introduction 5.1
    • nomination 5.4–5.7
    • U.S. law 5A.1–5A.40
    • warranty of safety 5.30–5.107
  • proceeding on cargo voyage 9.1–9.9
  • proceeding to loading port
    • expected ready to load date 4.5–4.9
    • general obligation 4.10–4.19
    • introduction 38A.45
    • notice of expected time of arrival 4.19
    • present position of vessel 4.2–4.4, 4A.1
  • strikes
    • discharging cargo, and 25.1–25.17
    • exceptions 39.7, 39.10, 39A.10
    • generally 25.1–25.17
    • introduction 25.1
    • loading cargo, and 25.1–25.17
    • meaning 25A.4
    • U.S. law 25A.1–25A.13
  • terms of charter 1.7, 1.108, 15.7
  • war risks
    • conditions of rights and liberties 26.29
    • effect 26.76
    • extra expenses 26.68
    • freight 26.64
    • frustration, and 26.79
    • introduction 26.1–26.2
    • meaning 26.1–26.2
    • non-exercise of liberties 22.17
    • pre-existing risks 21.47
    • rights and liberties 26.44–26.63
• GENCON 1994
  • demurrage 17.48
  • deviation 12.17, 12A.35
  • freight 13.120–13.126
  • general average 20.1
  • ice 22.9
  • laytime 4.21
  • law and arbitration 8A.2
  • liens 17.48
  • loading 11.82
  • New Jason clause 20A.22
  • owner’s responsibility 14.62–14.67
  • strikes 25.23
  • taxes and dues 43.1–43A.1
  • war risks 26.15
• General average
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • generally 32.1
    • introduction 32.1
  • calculations
    • amount made good 20.35
    • contributions 20.46
  • causation
    • generally 20.26
  • cesser clauses, and 20.62
  • contributing interests 20.32
  • contributions 20.46
  • contributories 20.49
  • deck cargo, and 6.39
  • English law, and 20.1
  • environmental pollution
    • generally 20.30
    • non-separation agreements 20.31, 20A.30
  • existence of peril 20.21
  • extraordinary expenditure 20.12
  • extraordinary sacrifice 20.10
  • forum clauses 20.52
  • GENCON 1976 20.1
  • GENCON 1994 20.1
  • general average acts
    • common maritime adventure 20.25
    • existence of peril 20.21
    • extraordinary expenditure 20.12
    • extraordinary sacrifice 20.10
    • intention 20.16
    • reasonableness 12.4, 12A.9
    • U.S. law 20A.15
  • generally 20.1–20.62
  • governing law 20.2
  • intention 20.16
  • Jason Clause 20A.22
  • laches, and 20A.19
  • liens, and 55.7
  • limitation of actions, and 18.246, 20.53
  • New Jason clause 20A.22
  • non-separation agreements 20.31, 20A.30
  • reasonableness 12.4, 12A.9
  • Rule Paramount 20.18
  • security 20A.30
  • separation of interests 20A.27

  • ---

    Page 1423

    “special charges” 20A.31
  • success 20A.8
  • voluntary sacrifices 20A.6
  • York-Antwerp Rules
    • calculation of amounts 20.35
    • causation 20.26
    • contributing interests 20.32
    • contributories’ fault 20.49
    • enforcement 20A.22
    • environmental pollution 20.30
    • general average acts 20.5–20.26
    • introduction 20.5
    • scheme 20.8
    • text 20.1
    • third party’s fault 20A.21
    • U.S. law 20A.9
• General Ice Clause
  • discharging port
    • generally 27.15–27.17
    • safe port warranty, and 27.18–27.22
    • sub-clause (a) 27.15
    • sub-clause (b) 27.16
    • sub-clause (c) 27.17
  • generally 27.1
  • loading port
    • “fear of being frozen in” 27.6–27.7
    • “inaccessible” 27.3–27.5
    • “null and void” 27.8
    • safe port warranty, and 27.18–27.22
    • “Spring” 27.13–27.14
    • sub-clause (a) 27.2–27.8
    • sub-clause (b) 27.9
    • sub-clause (c) 27.10–27.12
    • sub-clause (d) 27.13
  • safe port warranty, and 27.18–27.22
  • U.S. law 27.A1–27.A5
• General paramount clause
  • Hague-Visby Rules 66.1
• Gold value
  • Hague Rules, and 66.2, 66.238, 66.369–66.371, 66.504–66.506
• “Good order and condition”
  • bill of lading, and 11A.51, 18.10, 18.12
• “Goods”
  • Hague Rules, and 66.70, 66A.13
• Governing law 1.27–1.40
  • chosen by parties
    • demonstration of reasonable certainty, by 1.30
    • express choice, by 1.30
    • “floating” clauses 1.31
    • general rule 1.28
    • other indication, by 1.38
  • Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 1.27
  • course of dealing, and 1.35
  • demonstration of reasonable certainty, by
    • course of dealing 1.35
    • express choice of forum 1.36
    • introduction 1.30
    • other indications 1.38
    • reference to provisions of system of law 1.37
    • use of standard form 1.34
  • express choice, by 1.30
  • express choice of forum, and 1.36
  • “floating” clauses 1.31
  • GENCON 1994, and 20.2
  • general average, and 20.2
  • introduction 1.27
  • limitation of shipowners’ liability, and 1.50
  • role 1.47
  • Rome Convention 1990, under 1.27
  • use of standard form, and 1.34
• Grab discharge suitability
  • description of ship 3A.35
• Gross registered tonnage (GRT)
  • generally 3A.7
• Gross terms
  • “alongside” the vessel
    • effect of customs 14.11
    • introduction 14.10
    • responsibility for handling goods 14.16
  • cargo gear, operation of
    • elevators 14.21
    • generally 14.19
    • large packages 14.20
    • spout 14.21
  • introduction 14.9
  • land and reload 14.29
  • point of delivery and receipt
    • effect of customs 14.11
    • introduction 14.10
    • responsibility for handling goods 14.16
  • reload 14.29
  • seaworthy trim 14.30
  • stowage 6.5

• Hague Rules
  • act of carrier’s servants
    • introduction 66.264
    • management of ship, in 66.275, 66A.26–66A.27
    • navigation of ship, in 66.268, 66A.26–66A.27
    • relevant persons 66.265
  • Act of God 66.298
  • act of public enemies 66.305
  • act of war 66.301
  • act of shipper, etc. 66.160
  • “apparent order and condition” 66.142, 66A.16–66A.17
  • arrest of princes, etc. 66.307
  • bills of lading
    • conversion of “received for shipment” 66A.25
    • evidence 66A.18
    • false 66A.47–66A.49
  • burden of proof 66.109, 66.121, 66A.14–66A.15

  • ---

    Page 1424

    carriage of goods 66.79
  • carrier 66.59, 66A.6–66A.8
  • “catch all” exception 66A.31
  • civil commotion 26.23
  • clause paramount
    • generally 66.2–66.8
    • introduction 66.1
  • contract of carriage 66.64
  • covenants not to sue 66A.12
  • customary freight unit 66A.2, 66A.36–66A.41
  • dangerous goods
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433, 66A.56–66A.58
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
  • deck cargo, and 6.37, 66A.13
  • definitions
    • carriage of goods 66.79
    • carrier 66.59, 66A.6–66A.8
    • contract of carriage 66.64
    • goods 66.70, 66A.13
    • introduction 66.57
    • ship 66.77
  • deviation
    • effect of reasonable deviation 66.363
    • effect of unreasonable deviation 66.364, 66A.13, 66A.24, 66A.32–66A.33, 66A.43
    • effect on other terms 66.361
    • introduction 12.1
    • reasonableness 12.4, 12A.9
    • saving life or property 12.22
  • enacting clause (COGSA) 66A.3
  • evidence of receipt of goods
    • generally 18.10, 66A.18
    • Hague-Visby amendments 66A.62
  • exceptions to liability
    • act, etc., of master, etc. 66.264
    • act, etc., of shipper, etc. 66.160
    • Act of God 66.298
    • act of public enemies 66.305
    • act of war 66.301
    • any other cause arising without fault or privity 66.348, 66A.31
    • arrest of princes, etc. 66.307
    • civil commotion 26.23
    • fire 66.281
    • general principles 66.474
    • inadequacy of marks 66.137
    • inherent defect of goods 66.333
    • insufficiency of marks 66.137
    • insufficiency of packing 66.337
    • introduction 66.474
    • latent defects 66.345
    • lock-outs 66.323
    • perils of the seas 66A.28, 66A.28
    • quarantine restrictions 66.317
    • restraint of labour 66.323, 66A.30
    • restraint of princes, etc. 66.307
    • riots 66.329
    • saving life or property 12.22
    • seizure under legal process 66.307
    • stoppage 18.157
    • strikes 66.325, 66A.30
    • vice of goods 66.333
    • wastage in bulk or weight 66.333
  • exclusion of shipper’s liability 66.354
  • exemption clauses
    • activities beyond those covered 66.245
    • “any clause, covenant or agreement” 66.226
    • “benefit of insurance” 66.250
    • “contract of carriage” 66.64
    • extent of effect 66.240
    • insurance agreements 66.250
    • introduction 66.468
    • “liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods” 66A.22
    • matters on which silent 66.248
    • only parts of term offend 66.243
    • periods beyond those covered 66.245
    • third party rights 18.141
  • explosive goods
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433, 66A.56
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
  • fair opportunity 66A.44–66A.46
  • fire 66.281
  • freedom of contract 66A.59
  • gold value 66.2, 66.238, 66.369–66.371, 66.504–66.506
  • goods 66.70, 66A.13
  • inadequacy of marks 66.137
  • increase of liability 66A.4–66A.5
  • indemnity
    • generally 21.134
    • loss suffered by inaccuracy, for 66.162
  • inflammable goods
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433, 66A.56
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
  • inherent defect of goods 66.333

  • ---

    Page 1425

    insufficiency of marks 66.137
  • insufficiency of packing 66.337
  • interpretation
    • introduction 66.9
    • time of 66.10
  • issue of bill of lading
    • “apparent order and condition” 66.142, 66A.16–66A.17
    • evidence of receipt of goods, as 18.10, 66A.18
    • introduction 66.64
    • “marks” 66.137
    • “quantity” 66.139
  • labor unrest 66A.30, 66A.30
  • latent defects 66.345
  • limitation of liability
    • application of higher foreign limits 66A.4–66A.5
    • global limitation 66A.60
    • Hague-Visby amendments 66.1
    • “in any event” 66.368
    • introduction 66.1, 66A.34–66A.35
    • monetary units 66.370
    • “£100 per package or unit” 66.369
    • “package” 66.371, 66A.34–66A.35
    • reference to registered tonnage 66.501
    • tonnage limitation 66.367
    • total exclusion 66.227
    • “unit” 66.379, 66A.2, 66A.36–66A.41
  • loading and discharging
    • burden of proof 66.109, 66.121, 66A.14–66A.15
    • “discharge” 66.115
    • “properly and carefully” 66.117
  • lock-outs 66.323, 66A.30
  • management of ship 66.275, 66A.26–66A.27
  • mariner, acts etc., of
    • introduction 66.264
    • management of ship, in 66.275, 66A.26–66A.27
    • navigation of ship, in 66.268, 66A.26–66A.27
    • relevant persons 66.265
  • marks
    • generally 66.137
    • insufficiency of 66.137
    • statements as to 66.137
  • Master, acts etc., of
    • introduction 66.264
    • management of ship, in 66.275, 66A.26–66A.27
    • navigation of ship, in 66.268, 66A.26–66A.27
    • relevant persons 66.265
    • monetary units 66.370
    • nautical fault defense 66A.26–66A.27
  • notice of loss or damage
    • arbitration, and 66A.23
    • “discharge from all liability” 66.171
    • endorsement 53A.3
    • generally 66.165, 66A.20–66A.22
    • Hague-Visby amendments 66.165
    • indemnity, for 21.134
    • introduction 53A.3
    • “loss or damage” 66A.22
    • one-year time-for-suit 66A.22–66A.24
    • “unless suit is brought” 66.183
    • “within one year of delivery” 66.185
  • omission of carrier’s servants
    • introduction 66.421
    • management of ship, in 11.55, 66A.26–66A.27
    • navigation of ship, in 66.269, 66A.26–66A.27
    • relevant persons 11.53
  • omission of shipper, etc. 66.318
  • owner of goods, act, etc. of 11.60
  • owner’s responsibility clause, and 11.3
  • package limitation 66A.34–66A.35
  • paramount clause
    • generally 66.1
    • introduction 66.1
  • perils of the seas 66A.28–66A.29
  • pilot, acts etc., of
    • introduction 66.264
    • management of ship, in 66.275
    • navigation of ship, in 66.268
    • relevant persons 66.265
  • quantity, statements as to 66.218
  • quarantine restrictions 66.317
  • relevance 66.19
  • removal of goods by receiver, effect of
    • generally 53A.3
    • introduction 66.165
  • representations in bills 66.136
  • responsibilities and liabilities
    • evidence of receipt of goods 18.10
    • exemption clauses 1.111
    • indemnity for loss suffered by inaccuracy 66.162
    • introduction 66.92
    • issue of bill of lading 66.142
    • loading and discharging 66.117
    • notice of loss or damage 66A.20–66A.22
    • overriding effect 66.94
    • seaworthiness 66.95
    • shipped bill of lading 66A.25
  • restraint of labour 66.323, 66A.30
  • restraint of princes, etc. 66.307
  • rights and immunities
    • dangerous goods 66.433, 66A.56–66A.58
    • deviation 66.252, 66A.13, 66A.32–66A.33, 66A.43
    • exceptions to liability 66.354–66.356
    • exclusion of shipper’s liability 66.354
    • increase of liability 66A.4–66A.5
    • limitation by reference to registered tonnage 66.501
    • limitation of liability 66A.60
    • non-ordinary commercial shipments 66.487
    • period of liability 66.245
    • restriction on liability for unseaworthiness 66.258

  • ---

    Page 1426

    riots 66.329
  • risks 66.83
  • saving life or property 12.22
  • seaworthiness
    • “before and at beginning of voyage” 66.101
    • burden of proof 66.109
    • “due diligence” 66.98
    • generally 66.95
    • introduction 11.18–11.40
    • overriding effect 66.94
    • restriction on liability 66.258
  • seizure under legal process 66.307
  • ship 66.77
  • shipped bill of lading
    • Hague-Visby amendments 66A.25
  • shipper, act, etc. of 66.114, 66.160
  • shipper’s liability, exclusion of 66.354
  • stoppage 18.157
  • strikes 66.323–66.328, 66A.30
  • structure
    • definitions 11.28
    • introduction 11.28
    • monetary units 66.370
    • responsibilities and liabilities 11.28
    • rights and immunities 2.43
    • risks 11.28
  • tally of goods
    • generally 66.167–66.170
    • introduction 66.170
    • text 53A.3
  • time limits for claim
    • “discharge from all liability” 66.171
    • Hague-Visby amendments 11A.20
    • indemnity, for 66.455
    • “loss or damage” 66.176
    • “unless suit is brought” 66.183
    • “within one year of delivery” 66.185
  • unjustified deviation, and 12.30, 66A.13, 66A.32–66A.33, 66A.43
  • vice of goods 66.333
  • wastage in bulk or weight 66.333
• Hague-Visby rules
  • application
    • generally 66.24
    • relevant circumstances 66.358
  • calculation of damages
    • commodity exchange price 66.392
    • currency of loss 21.130
    • current market price 66.393
    • damaged goods 66.389
    • date of ascertainment of value 66.399
    • late delivery 66.390
    • lost goods 66.389
    • normal value 66.395
    • relevant price 66.391
    • subsidy loss 66.396
    • total amount recoverable 66.485
    • value of goods 66.391
  • compulsory incorporation 66.4
  • contractual term, under
    • international carriage 66.34
    • introduction 66.38
    • non-international carriage 66.37
  • contractual incorporation
    • exclusive jurisdiction 66.25
    • introduction 11.3
  • evidence of receipt of goods 18.10
  • exceeding limit of liability
    • agreement for higher figure 66.419
    • declaration of value and nature 66.416–66.418
    • introduction 66.415–66.426
  • exclusion of liability 66.427–66.429
  • introduction 66.1
  • incorporation
    • contract, under 66.38
    • force of law, by 66.24, 66.31–66.37
    • introduction 11.3
  • limitation of liability
    • calculation of damages 66.385–66.400
    • currency conversion 66.412
    • damage and loss 66.426
    • exceeding limit 66.415–66.426
    • further limit 63.5
    • general approach 66.15
    • hybrid cases 66.411
    • “in any event” 66.368
    • intentional act or omission 66.421
    • introduction 6.47
    • mental element 66.424
    • package limitation 66A.34
    • “package or unit” 66.372, 66.402
    • reckless act or omission 66.421
    • relevant carrier 66.265
  • nuclear damage 66.508–66.512
  • paramount clause 66.1
  • shipped bill of lading 66A.25
  • time limits for claim 11A.20
  • U.S. COGSA and 66A.4–66A.5, 66A.52–66A.53
• Hand shovelling
  • grab discharge, and 3A.35
• Handling goods “alongside”
  • point of delivery and receipt, and 14.10–14.16
• Harbours with bars
  • cargo, and 6.11
• Harter Act
  • owners’ responsibility clause, and 11A.17
  • text A2.1
• Hatch dimensions
  • deadweight capacity, and 3.23
• “Having been entered at the custom house”
  • definition A4.2

• ---

  Page 1427

  Heating coils
  • generally 29.7
• Hold
  • seaworthiness, and 11.30
• “Holiday”
  • definition A4.2
• Homogeneous cargo
  • f.i.o.s.t. terms, and 14.32
• Hoses 42.1–42.2
• Hostilities
  • war risks, and 26.19
• “Howsoever caused”
  • generally 1.113
• Hull
  • seaworthiness, and 11.28

• Ice clause
  • GENCON 1994 22.9
  • discharging port
    • generally 45.6
    • safe port warranty, and 5A.11
  • frustration, and 5.29
  • introduction 45.1
  • loading port
    • “fear of being frozen in” 45.1
    • “inaccessible” 45.6
    • generally 4.1–4A.18
    • “null and void” 6.48
    • safe port warranty, and 5A.11
    • “Spring” 22.32
  • more than one port open 15.42, 66.108
  • nomination of port, and 5.6–5.7
  • safe port warranty, and 5A.11
  • U.S. law 45A.1
• Identification of port, place and berth
  • generally 5.4–5.7
• Identity of parties to charter
  • construction of charter, by reference to
    • introduction 2.2
    • signature 2.6
  • generally 2.2
  • misnomer 2.3
  • principal and agent 2.4
  • signature, by reference to
    • “as agent” 2.7
    • “for” 2.7
    • “on behalf of” 2.7
    • unqualified 2.10
• Illegality
  • contracts of affreightment, and 1.51
  • nomination of port, and 5.6–5.7
• Implied contract
  • agents of owner 18.114
  • generally 18.109
• Implied contract to indemnify
  • indemnity, and 18.222
• Implied terms
  • charterer’s obligations 1.128
  • generally 1.121
  • owner’s obligations 1.127
• Imposition of liabilities
  • assignment, by 18.79
  • CGSA 1992, under
    • background 18.83–18.84
    • generally 18.99
    • relevant documents 18.81–18.83
  • continuing liabilities 18.105
  • generally 18.99
  • implied contract, under 18.109
  • imposed liabilities 18.99
  • introduction 18.99
  • method 21.19
• Impossibility
  • frustration, and
    • and see Frustration
    • assessment of event 21.57
    • bailment terms 22.36
    • commercial purpose, of 22.10
    • consecutive voyage charters 19.5
    • effect 22.34
    • examples 22.1
    • fact or law 22.15
    • introduction 1.141
    • self-induced 22.2
    • supervening events 21.17, 22.8–22.9
    • unforeseen expense 22.14
  • nomination of port, and
    • introduction 5.108
    • supervening event 21.17, 22.8–22.9
• Impossibility of discharging cargo
  • frustration, and 22.30
• Impossibility of route
  • frustration, and 22.30
• Improper stowage
  • dangerous goods 6.51–6.57
  • performance by shippers 66.100
  • properly and carefully 66.117
  • stowage 11.8
  • U.S. law 11A.32
• “In any event”
  • Hague Rules, and 66.368
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.401
• “In every way fitted”
  • dunnage, and 8.3
• “In or at the port”
  • demurrage, and 16.25
• “In the usual manner”
  • bill of lading, and 20.49
• “In writing”
  • definition A4.2
• “Inaccessible”
  • ASBATANKVOY 38.23
  • GENCON 1976 5.92

• ---

  Page 1428

  Inaccurate statements in bill
  • indemnity, and 18.231
• Inadequacy of marks
  • Hague Rules, and 66.137
• Incorporation of terms of bill of lading
  • charterparty terms 18.48
  • generally 14.38
• Increase of liability
  • Hague Rules, and 66A.4–66A.5
• Indemnify, contracts to
  • express 18.221
  • implied 18.222
• Indemnity
  • basis
    • breach of charter, damages for 18.218–18.222
    • breach of collateral warranty, damages for 18.219
    • express contract to indemnify 18.221
    • Hague Rules (Article III), damages under 18.220
    • implied contract to indemnify 18.222
  • breach of charter, and
    • and see Damages for breach of charter
    • assessment 21.5
    • charterer’s, by 21A.40–21A.58
    • contributory negligence 21.66–21.77
    • currency 21.130
    • fixed sums 21.131
    • GENCON clause 17.4
    • generally 21.134
    • liabilities to third party 18.115
    • mitigation 21.50
    • owners, by 21A.64–21A.73
    • reliance expenditure 21.3–21.4
    • remoteness of damage 18.245, 21.27, 21A.13
  • differences with damages
    • causation 18.245
    • generally 18.244
    • limitation of action 18.246
    • remoteness 18.245
  • examples
    • captain to sign clean bill of lading 18.236
    • departure from bill 18.240
    • inaccurate statements in bill 18.231
    • manifestly unlawful act 18.241
    • terms of bill differ from charter 18.225
    • unsigned bill 18.239
  • Hague Rules, and
    • loss suffered by inaccuracy, for 18.14
  • introduction 11A.71
• Indemnity, rights of
  • bill of lading, and 18.172
• Indorsement of bill of lading
  • generally 18.153
  • pledges 18.149
  • sales 18.156
• Inflammable goods
  • GENCON 1976
    • BIMCO cargo clause 6.63
    • clause paramount, and 6.62
    • express prohibition 6.46
    • implied prohibition 6.49–6.51
    • improper stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
    • inherent vice, and 6.57
    • legal obstacles 6.58
    • meaning 66.433
    • negligent stowage, and 11.8, 11A.32
  • Hague Rules, and
    • carrier’s rights 66.444–66.454
    • common law, and 18.25
    • consent to carry 33.24
    • fault of shipper 66.318
    • generally 66.433
    • introduction 66.433
    • knowledge of goods 66.435–66.442
• Inherent defect of goods
  • Hague Rules, and 66.333
• Inherent vice
  • dangerous goods, and 6.57
• Injunction
  • generally 21.140
• Injunctive relief
  • U.S. law 21A.95–21A.97
• Innocent misrepresentation
  • and see Misrepresentation
  • damages, and 1.81
• Insufficiency of marks
  • Hague Rules, and 66.137
• Insufficiency of packing
  • Hague rules, and 66.337
• Intake(n) quantity
  • ASBATANKVOY 35.7
  • GENCON 1976
    • conclusive evidence 13.10
    • generally 34.2
    • introduction 13.6
• Intascale
  • freight, and 13.13
• “Intended cargo”
  • burden of proof 7.20
  • generally 7.19
• Intention
  • general average, and 20.16
• Intention to contract
  • generally 1.12
• Intentional act or omission
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.421
• Interest
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.77, 21A.83
  • late payment of freight, and 13A.71
• Intermediate engagement
  • proceeding to loading port, and 4.14
• Intermediate term
  • and see Terms of charter
  • description of ship, and
    • bale capacity 3.19

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      Page 1429

      deadweight capacity 3.19
    • generally 3.2
  • generally 1.133
• Intermittent voyage charter
  • meaning 21.140
• Interpretation of terms
  • avoidance of absurdity 1.107
  • conflicting provisions, and 23.10
  • deletions 1.117
  • ejusdem generis 6.46
  • exemption clauses 39.10
  • external evidence 1.96
    • agreed meaning of expression 1.98
    • commercial purpose 22.10
    • custom 53A.15
    • factual background 1.96
    • resolution of ambiguity 1.101
    • special meaning 1.100
    • subsequent communication 1.102
    • technical meaning 1.99
  • general principle 66.9–66.10
  • ordinary meaning of words 1.95
  • printed clauses 13A.1
  • reliance on one’s own wrong 1.119
  • standard clauses 1.116
  • surplusage 1.109
  • whole, construction of 2.2
  • written clauses 1.95–1.104, 66.9–66.10
• Interruptions
  • laytime
    • cause beyond charterer’s control 15A.159
    • congestion 15A.165
    • contractual provisions 15A.150
    • generally 15.1
    • obstructions 15A.165
    • shipowner’s fault 15A.141
    • vis major 15A.134
  • safety of ports, and 5.82
• Intervention as principal
  • title to sue, and 2.15
• In-transit loss clauses
  • freight 34.11
• IOPC Compensation Fund
  • oil pollution, and 65.2
• Irrevocability
  • nomination of port, and 5.20
• ISM Code
  • seaworthiness, and 11.26

• Jason clause
  • ASBATANKVOY
    • deposit 54.6
  • general average 20A.22
  • generally 54.1–54.6
  • salvage 54.4
• Jettison of cargo
  • general average, and 6.49
• Judgments
  • damages for breach of charter, and 21.78

• Labor unrest
  • U.S. COGSA 66A.30
• Laches
  • demurrage, and 39A.17
  • general average, and 20A.19
• Land and reload
  • gross terms, and 14.29
• Lapse of time
  • misrepresentation, and 1.81
• Late delivery
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.390
• Latent defects
  • Hague Rules, and 66.345
• Law and arbitration
  • GENCON 1994, and 27A.1
• Lawful holder of bill of lading
  • transfer of liabilities
    • assignment 18.79
    • generally 18.85
    • implied contract, under 18.114
    • introduction 18.83
    • relevant documents 18.81–18.83
    • sea waybills 18.106
  • transfer of rights
    • assignment 18.79
    • generally 18.85
    • implied contract, under 18.114
    • introduction 18.83
    • relevant documents 18.81–18.83
• Lawful merchandise
  • cargo, and 6.44
• Laytime (GENCON 1976)
  • calculation of time
    • “time actually used before commencement” 15.56
    • “time waiting for berth” 15.57, 15A.11, 15A.85
    • U.S. law 15A.94
  • charterer’s obligation where no laytime agreed 15.13
  • commencement
    • charterer’s delay 15.47–15.55
    • notice of readiness 15.29–15.39
    • place 13.54
    • readiness to load/discharge 15.39
  • custom 15A.8
  • demurrage, and
    • damages for detention 16.11, 16A.8, 21.101, 21A.58
    • exceptions clause 7.9–7.19
    • introduction 16.1
    • mitigation 16.6
    • persons liable 16.18
    • shipowner’s fault 16.5
    • time for payment 16.16
    • U.S. law 16A.8–16A.22

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    Page 1430

    duration 5.91
  • exceptions
    • applicability 15.24
    • charterer causing hindrance 15.28
    • failure to have cargo available 15.25
    • general 7.9–7.19
    • introduction 7.9
    • period covered by exception 15.26
    • reasonable efforts to overcome hindrance 15.27
    • strict construction 15.23
  • fixed free period
    • generally 15.53
    • “next working day” 15.55
  • generally 15.1
  • interruptions
    • generally 5.82
    • introduction 5.82
    • “Sundays and holidays excepted” 15.18, 15A.101
    • “unless used” 15.20
    • “weather permitting” 15.16, 15A.104
  • introduction 15.1
  • leading/discharging within agreed period
    • generally 15.5
    • shipowner’s fault 15A.141
  • “next working day” 15.55
  • notice of readiness
    • acceptance 15.29
    • fixed free period 15.53
    • generally 15.29–15.39
    • waiver 15.29
    • U.S. law 15A.17–15A.23
  • shifting
    • anchorage to berth 15.68
    • introduction 15.66
    • out of berth 15.70
  • strikes, and 15.7
  • waiting for berth 15.57, 15A.11, 15A.85
  • “working day” 15A.98
• “Leakage”
  • responsibility of owners, and 49.6
• Length of vessel
  • description of owners, and 3A.27
• Letter of indemnity
  • discharge of bill of lading, and 18.172
• Liability under charter
  • authority of agents 2.22–2.34
  • identity 2.2
  • introduction 2.39
  • title to sue 18.85
• Liberties clauses
  • BIMCO 12.23
  • GENCON 76 12.24
  • generally 12.23
  • other 12.24
• Liberty to substitute
  • description of ship, and 3.7
• Liens
  • ASBATANKVOY 60.1
  • GENCON 1976 17.1–17A.73
  • GENCON 1994 17.48
  • supersession clauses 17.8
• Liens (GENCON 1976)
  • breach of charter, for 17A.64
  • burden of proof 17.12
  • cesser clauses, and
    • cost of exercise of lien 21.77
    • exercise of lien 17A.46
    • generally 17.2
  • charterer as bill of lading holder 17.44
  • charterer’s lien 17A.32, 17A.38, 17A.44
  • costs of exercise 17.37, 17A.46, 21.77
  • creation 17.14
  • damages for detention, for 17A.8, 21.101, 21A.58
  • deadfreight, for 17A.25, 21A.46
  • definition 17.1
  • demand 17.24
  • demurrage, for 17A.62
  • executory contracts 17A.4
  • exercise
    • costs 17.37, 17A.46, 21.77
    • demand 17.24
    • introduction 17.23
    • relevant cargo 17.35
    • retention of possession 17.28
    • U.S. law 17A.17, 17A.65
  • failure to exercise 17.10
  • freight, for 17A.8
  • freight pre-paid bill of lading 13.117
  • generally 17.1
  • nature 17.1
  • necessaries 17A.41, 17A.73
  • priority 17A.44
  • purpose of lien 16.16
  • retention of possession 17.28
  • scope 17.4–17.8
  • self-help 17A.26
  • shipowner’s lien 17A.8, 17A.17
  • sums due under charterparty, for 17.19
  • sums not payable at time of discharge, and 17.31
  • supersession clauses 17.8
• Lighterage
  • custom, and 5.3
  • delivery, and 14.61
  • discharging cargo, and 14.61
  • loading cargo, and 14.61
  • pumping in and out, and 41A.15
  • safety of ports, and 6.11
• Limitation of action
  • indemnity, and 18.246
• Limitation of liability
  • ASBATANKVOY 57A.1
  • GENCON 1976 12A.50
  • governing law 1.50

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    Page 1431

    Hague Rules
    • global limitation 66A.60
    • Hague-Visby amendments 66.1
    • “in any event” 66.368
    • introduction 66.1
    • monetary units 66.370
    • “£100 per package or unit” 66.369
    • “package” 66.371
    • reference to registered tonnage 66.501
    • tonnage limitation 66.367
    • total exclusion 66.227
    • “unit” 66.379
  • Hague-Visby Rules
    • calculation of damages 66.385–66.400
    • currency conversion 66.412
    • damage and loss 66.426
    • exceeding limit 66.415–66.426
    • general approach 66.15
    • hybrid cases 66.411
    • “in any event” 66.368, 66.401
    • intentional act or omission 66.421
    • introduction 6.47
    • mental element 66.424
    • “package or unit” 66.372, 66.402
    • reckless act or omission 66.421
    • relevant carrier 66.265
• Liner bill of lading
  • generally 18.3–18.4
• Liner terms
  • damages for detention, and 16A.20
  • loading/discharging cargo, and 12.6
• Liquidated damages
  • demurrage, and 7A.32
  • sugar charters, and 3A.41
• “Load on Top”
  • oil pollution, and 41.8
• Loaded draft
  • ASBATANKVOY 29.4
• Loading cargo
  • background 6.1
  • cargo, and
    • charterer’s obligations 4.20
  • cargo taxes 14A.3
  • costs 14A.1
  • custom of port 15A.8
  • deviation, and 12.1–12A.53
  • exception clauses 7.9–7.19
  • f.i.o.s.t. terms
    • bagging bulk cargo 14.57
    • cargo gear 14.46
    • closing hatches 14.50
    • effect 14.36
    • incorporation 14.38
    • introduction 14.36
    • loading space with difficult access 14.51
    • opening hatches 14.50
    • stevedores 14.52
    • supervision of captain 14.40
    • winchmen 14.46
  • gross terms
    • cargo gear 14.19–14.21
    • introduction 14.9
    • point of delivery and receipt 14.10–14.16
    • reload 14.29
    • seaworthy trim 14.30
    • stowage 6.5
  • Hague Rules, and
    • burden of proof 66A.14–66A.15
    • introduction 6.37
    • “properly and carefully” 66.117
  • lighterage 14.61
  • liner terms 14.60
  • port dues 14A.3
  • ship’s rail rule
    • cost of operations 14.3
    • generally 41A.12–41A.14
    • problems 14.2
    • risk of operations 14.3
  • strikes, and 25A.12
• Loading delay, damages for
  • generally 5.116
• Loading in turn
  • carrier’s obligations, and 7.3
• Loading ports (GENCON 1976)
  • acceptance 5A.12
  • apportionment of damages 5A.40
  • General Ice Clause
    • “fear of being frozen in” 27.6–27.7
    • “inaccessible” 27.3–27.5
    • “null and void” 27.8
    • safe port warranty, and 27.18–27.22
    • “Spring” 27.13–27.14
    • sub-clause (a) 27.2–27.8
    • sub-clause (b) 27.9
    • sub-clause (c) 27.10–27.12
    • sub-clause (d) 27.13
  • ice, and
    • “fear of being frozen in” 45.1
    • “inaccessible” 45.6
    • generally 45.1–45.6
    • “null and void” 6.48
    • safe port warranty, and 5A.11
    • “Spring” 22.32
  • identification
    • generally 5.4–5.7
  • introduction 38A.45
  • master’s decisions 4A.22
  • nomination
    • bill of lading, under 5.7
    • charter’s obligation 5.8–5.18
    • delegation 5.6

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      Page 1432

      effect 5.20
    • generally 5.4
    • impossibility 5.23–5.27
  • proceeding to
    • and see below
    • expected ready to load date 4.5–4.9
    • general obligation 4.10–4.19
    • introduction 38A.45
    • notice of expected time of arrival 4.19
    • present position of vessel 4.2–4.4, 4A.1
  • renomination 5.52
  • safe ports 5.35–5.88
  • safety
    • definition 5.58
    • particular vessel 5.71
    • types 5.59–5.69
    • warranty 5.30–5.107
  • unsafe conditions 5.59–5.69
  • waiver 5A.12
  • warranty of safety
    • choice from range of named ports 5.36
    • choice form range of unnamed ports 5.38
    • choice of berth within port 5.43
    • introduction 5.30
    • named ports 5.35
    • operative time 5.50–5.51
    • owner as third-party beneficiary 5A.11
    • scope 5.80–5.85
• Loading ports, proceeding to (GENCON 1976)
  • cancelling clause, and
    • and see Cancelling clause
    • introduction 4.20
  • expected ready to load date
    • “about” 4.9, 4A.2
    • generally 4.5
    • reasonable grounds 4.8
  • general obligation
    • approach voyage 4.18
    • excepted perils 4.16
    • expected ready to load date 4.11
    • intermediate engagement 4.14
    • introduction 4.10
    • nature of term 4.18
  • introduction 4.10
  • notice of expected time of arrival 4.19
  • present position of vessel
    • express statements 4.4
    • generally 4.2, 4A.1
• Loading space with difficult access
  • f.i.o.s.t. clause, and 14.51
• Lock-outs
  • GENCON 1976 25.23
  • GENCON 1994 25.23
  • Hague Rules, and 66.323
• Lock-outs (GENCON 1976)
  • cancellation 25.1
  • consequential delays 15.26
  • demurrage, and 15.26
  • discharging cargo, and 15.26
  • frustration, and 25.5
  • generally 66.323
  • introduction 7.14
  • laytime, and 15.26
  • loading cargo, and 7.14
  • meaning 15.26
  • nomination of port, and 5.6–5.7
• Loss of bargain
  • damages for breach of charter, and 1.83
• Loss of profit, damages for
  • introduction 21.96
  • multiple substitute charters 21.96
  • sub-charters 21.129
• Loss of ship
  • frustration, and 22.17
• “Loss of damage”
  • Hague Rules 50.3
• Lost cargo
  • in-transit loss clauses 34.11
• Lost goods
  • Hague-Visby Rules, and 66.389
• Lumpsum freight
  • introduction 13.19
  • no cargo shipped or delivered 13.20
  • part cargo lost 6.20
  • short-shipped cargo 13.21
  • U.S. law 1A.4, 13A.5, 34A.19–34A.25