[82-01] The Rotterdam Rules do not affect the application of other Conventions that regulate the liability of the carrier. All too frequently, States do not give full and complete effect to their obligations under Conventions to which they are contracting parties. They do not always denounce Conventions that clash with other Conventions to which they are already parties, they do not enact the Conventions properly, and do not make adequate or any arrangements for the transition from one Convention to another. As a result, gaps, confusion and conflicts in the law are inevitable. But the best endeavours of a State may still not prevent these occurrences. A gap could occur where, for example, a State ratifies the Rotterdam Rules and quite properly denounces a competing Convention; but the Rotterdam Rules themselves have not, or do not, come into force internationally. Confusion could occur when, for example, goods carried by road remain loaded on a road vehicle when undergoing sea carriage by ferry, or when goods are carried by ship without transhipment by both inland waterways and sea. If the carriage is between two States that are parties to conflicting Conventions that are in force, giving rise to different liabilities, the parties to a dispute are likely to engage in forum shopping. Chapter 17 attempts to prevent such occurrences. It does this by providing that the Rotterdam Rules leave intact the application of the network of other Conventions that provide for multimodal and unimodal carriage of goods.