Modern Maritime Law Volume 2: Managing Risks and Liabilities
1
MANAGING RISKS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: AN OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
There have been, primarily, seven landmark accidents since 1980, which provided the impetus for rigorous enforcement of safety regulations, improvement of ship construction and making risk assessment mandatory upon ship operators, flag States, classification societies, and port authorities: The Derbyshire (1980),1
The Herald of Free Enterprise (1987),2
The Braer (1993),3
The Sea Empress (1996),4
The Erika (1999),5
The Prestige (2002)6 and the Costa Concordia (2012).7