International Maritime Conventions Volume I: The Carriage of Goods and Passengers by Sea

Francesco Berlingieri

Document

INDEX

“abordage” xiv, 263
accidents of the sea 29–30, 33
“acte de Dieu” 33; see also act of God
act of God 33, 178
act of public enemies 34
act of war 33–4, 178, 264, 386, 408; see also war
actual carrier 76, 91, 321, 325; servants or agents of 85–6
“adminstration” 28; see also management
advance payment 401, 404–5
adverse weather conditions 30–1
agents of the carrier: Athens Convention 274–5; Hague–Visby Rules 46–7, 64; Hamburg Rules 82–3, 85, 87–8; Rotterdam Rules 139–40
Andrea Doria 268
arbitration 91, 95, 96, 97, 142, 242–3, 331, 361; and non-liner transportation 244, 362; and volume contracts 243; Hamburg Rules 94–7, 99, 331; Rotterdam Rules 130, 241–4, 361–3
Arbitration Act 1996 95
armed conflict 178–9
“armer” 22
arrest: Hague–Visby Rules 34–5; of princes, rulers or people 34–5, 179–180; of ships xvi, 96; Rotterdam Rules 179–80, 240–1, 360
Arrest Convention 1952 93, 118, 261, 282
Arrest Convention 1999 xv, 93–4, 118, 261, 282
“arrêt” 35; see also arrest
“assistance et sauvetage” xiv; see also salvage
Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations 49
Athens Convention relating to Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea 1974 xv, 62, 63, 64, 71, 99, 113, 259–93, 377–431; and LLMC convention 290; application 260–1, 386, 408; burden of proof 259, 263, 265–7, 275, 280–1, 286; compulsory insurance 275–80, 387–9, 410–12, 419; declaration of non-application 261, 394; final clauses 394–8; Institute Cyber Attack Exclusion Clause 423; Institute Radioactive Contamination, Chemical, Biological, Bio-chemical and Electromagnetic Exclusion Clause 423; invalidity of contractual provisions 285–6, 393–4, 416; jurisdiction 281–4, 393; liability of the carrier 362–8, 386–7, 408–9; limits of liability 261, 268–74, 390, 391, 392, 412–13; mandatory character 275; notice of loss or damage to luggage 280–1, 415; period of application 262; period of responsibility 262; Protocol of 2002 276, 286, 291–3; recognition and enforcement of judgments 284–5, 393; timebar for actions 281, 392–3, 415; travaux préparatoires 279; see also EU Regulation (EC) No 392/2009; IMO Reservation and Guidelines for Implementation of the Athens Convention
Atkin, Lord 44n164
Australian Sea Carriage of Goods Act 1904 36, 42, 52

bailment 33, 82, 90, 165
Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) 119
“bâtiment” 13; see also ship
Beare, Stuart 102, 103
Beaufort Scale 30–1
Bergen Sisar 163
bill of lading: combined transport 119; contents 79; evidentiary effect 79–80; Hague–Visby Rules 5–12, 14–16, 45–6, 53–4; Hamburg Rules 78–80, 90, 94, 98, 321–2, 326–8; marine 138; on-board 152; received for shipment 10, 14, 53, 78, 149, 152, 154; reservations 79–80; Rotterdam Rules 118, 119, 138, 144–5, 149, 152, 154, 156, 213n337, 214, 215, 220n346, 221; shipped 14, 78, 302, 316, 327–8; transfer of 118
Bills of Landing Convention xiv
Bingham, Lord 10
“blind eye knowledge” doctrine 67–8
Blue Cards 425–6
“breach” 199
British Federation of Traders’ Association 42, 43
British Maritime Law Association 19, 46n172
Brussels Convention 1924 xvii, 88n24, 99, 119, 174, 244
Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway (CMNI) 2000 126–8, 130, 138, 169
Bunker Oil Convention 2001 xvi, 264
burden of proof: Athens Convention 265–7; Hague–Visby Rules 26–7, 32, 42, 62, 69–70; Hamburg Rules 82–3, 90; phases of 173–7; Rotterdam Rules 125, 126, 172–7, 199, 202

cabin luggage 262, 266, 270, 271, 385, 407
“cabotage” 5
Canadian Water Carriage of Goods Act 1910 17, 34, 36, 42, 47
capsizing 263
cargo 23–4; see also deck cargo
carriage 385–6, 407–8; by air 132, 134–6, 170; by inland waterways 134, 138; by rail 7, 134, 137–8; by road 124, 134, 136–7; by sea 112, 115–16, 122, 135; commencement 7; international 386, 408; see also “carriage of goods”; contract of carriage
“carriage of goods” 13, 301, 315; see also carriage
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936 57
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 144, 163
carrier 8, 76, 301, 315, 321, 337, 385, 407; actions against 26, 235–7, 359–60; actions in tort against 46–7, 87; actual 76, 85–6, 91, 321, 325; conduct of 66; cooperation with the shipper 203, 346; corporation as 64–5; execution of the instructions by 209–11; fault of 22, 29, 41–2, 66, 181, 303, 317; identity of 154–6; information supplied by 149–52; misconduct of 61; performing 268, 385, 387, 407, 409; period of responsibility 165–6, 341; persons performing services for 139–40; privity of 22, 29, 41–2, 66, 181, 303, 317; servants or agents of 46–7, 64, 82–3, 87–8, 139–40, 274–5; see also liability of the carrier; obligations of the carrier
“cas fortuit” 31
Chambre Arbitrale Maritime of Paris 95–6
charter party 11–12, 34, 118, 247
civil commotions 37–8, 178–9
civil jurisdiction xvi, 227
civil war 34, 264, 386, 408, 422, 423
CLC 1969 xvi, 33, 276, 281
CLC 1992 33, 64, 264, 279
CLCL 1969 66, 276
CMI see Comité Maritime International
CMI London Conference 29, 39
CMNI see Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway (CMNI) 2000
CMR 47, 48, 57, 75, 83, 99, 123–34, 136, 137, 170, 205–6, 230
Cockburn, CJ 33
Code of Navigation xvii, 54, 146
Code of Practice for the Investigation of the Crimes of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships 2002 179
Colima 20
collision xiv, 263
Collision Convention 1910 xv, 263
Comité Maritime International (CMI) xiv–xv, 3, 7, 19, 29, 39, 43, 56, 74, 101–3, 120, 179
common law 26, 30, 33, 35, 42, 44, 46, 66, 79, 113, 144, 174, 175n212, 178, 185, 275, 279, 284
compensation 190–1, 267, 344
competent court 53, 107, 129, 224, 236–7, 239, 359–60; definition 236, 338
concurring causes 177
Conférence Diplomatique de Droit Maritime xiv; see also Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law
Conférence Internationale de Droit Maritime 3
“connaissement” 5; see also bills of lading
consignee 51, 138, 141, 153, 156, 207, 321, 337; obligation to accept delivery 213–14, 351–2; obligation to acknowledge receipt 214, 351–2
consignor 123, 135, 140
containers 24–5, 57–8, 107, 160, 338
container ships 84, 125, 184
container trade 110n37, 120, 125
contract of affreightment (COA) 75, 245
contract of carriage 9–13, 301, 315, 336, 385, 407; Athens Convention 272, 283–5; à titre gratuit (free of charge) 113; à titre onereux (for a reward) 113; by sea 75, 759, 321; door-to-door 103, 110, 120–4, 136–8, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 166–9, 197, 201, 207, 243; Hague Rules 9; Hague–Visby Rules 8–14; Hamburg Rules 75–9, 84, 87, 93, 98; port-to-port 24, 110, 148–9, 151–2, 154, 156, 166–7, 197, 243; Rotterdam Rules 109, 111–16, 122–3, 211–12; variations of 211–12; see also carriage; contract of affreightment (COA); volume contract
contract particulars 338
“contrat de transport” 8, 9, 10, 294; see also contract of carriage
contributory fault 267, 390, 412
controlling party 138, 141, 181, 337, 355–7; instructions of 209–11; identity of 208; obligation to provide information, instructions or documents 212; rights of 205–12
“convenablement” 22, 23
Convention Concerning International Carriage by Rail 1980 126
Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for the International Carriage by Air 1999 126
Convention on Civil Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision 1952 263
Convention on the Contract for International Carriage of Goods by Road, 1956 126
corporation 64–5
Costa Concordia 261
COTIF 138
COTIF-CIM 123, 125–8, 130–2, 134, 137–8, 170
crew 13, 22–3, 28, 83, 140, 169, 172, 174, 186, 188
cruise contracts 260–1
cubic measure 55
culpa 29
custom 145–7

damage: as result of reckless action 66–8; Athens Convention 260–3, 266–76, 280–1; calculation of value 47–8; Hague–Visby Rules 11, 25, 39, 47–8, 55, 62–4, 68–70; Hamburg Rules 82–4, 88–90; intent to cause 66, 87, 272, 279; notice of 68–70, 90–1, 107, 191–3, 280–1, 329, 344–5, 415; nuclear 261, 365, 394, 416; pollution 275–6; Rotterdam Rules 125, 126, 129, 130, 134–5, 137, 172–93; seawater 19; sustained by the carrier 49, 347; sustained by the ship 89, 91, 263, 317, 326; to luggage 99, 260, 266–7, 270–1, 280–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13; to vehicles 270–1, 390, 412–13; see also compensation; liability of the carrier; liability of the shipper; loss
dangerous cargo 182; see also dangerous goods
dangerous goods 49–51, 89–90, 170, 198–202, 326, 347; see also dangerous cargo
dangers of the sea 29–33
Darya Radhe 50
“datos” 147; see also particulars
death 262–6, 269, 277, 287, 390, 399, 412, 419, 426–7
“déchéance” 22
deck cargo 84–5, 98, 183–5, 325, 345; see also cargo; deck carriage
deck carriage 12, 84, 183–5; see also cargo; deck cargo
“de façon approprieée” 23
defect: in a ship 41, 259, 263, 264, 387, 409; inherent 39; latent 41
delay 87, 233, 323, 358; liability of the carrier 172–93; liability of the shipper 204–5
demurrage 24, 51, 80, 226
Denning, Lord 67
detention 179–80
deviation: geographic 44; liability of the carrier 42–5, 185–6, 345; reasonability of 43, 45; to save life or property 42–5
Devlin, LJ xiv, 5n10, 14n45, 67
“diligence raisonnable” 17; see also due diligence
Diplock, LJ xvii, 67
Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law xiv, 16, 19, 28, 29–30, 35, 43, 47, 48, 53, 56, 59, 69, 84, 88; see also Conférence Diplomatique de Droit Maritime; Sous-Commission
doctrine of stages 18
documentary shipper 46–8, 138, 140–1, 181, 202–3, 337, 347
document of title 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 78
dolus 66
“domicile” 130, 236, 239, 282–3, 338
“données” 147; see also particulars
door-to-door contract 103, 110, 120–4, 136–8, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 166–9, 197, 201, 207, 243
due diligence 17, 19–20, 25, 26, 41–2, 65, 169, 175, 171
Duke, Sir Henry 42n159
e-commerce legislation 142
eiusdem generis rule 50, 278
Elbe 231
Electromagnetic Exclusion Clause 423
electronic communications 106–7, 337
electronic transport records 142–62, 208, 340, 348–52; and delivery of the goods 214–23; issuance of 145–7, 338, 348; negotiable 338, 352–4; non-negotiable 338, 352; notion of 144–5; principle of equivalence with paper documents 142–3; transfer of 338
El Greco 231
“émeute” 38; see also riots
employees 140
employment 267, 274
England 20–1, 26, 33, 37, 38, 47, 64, 67, 69, 205
English Carriage of Goods Act 1910 35
environment 182; see also pollution
“équiper” 22
European Court of Justice 106
European Union 106, 264, 276; Council Decision of 12 December 2011 428–31; Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 291–3, 401–406
“exactitude” 49; see also innacuracies
excepted perils 26–42, 177–83
explosion 21, 259, 263–4
express consent 248, 250, 252–3

fair opportunity doctrine 54
“fait de prince” 35
“fait et faute” 29
“fait ou faute” 29
fragile goods 40
fault 66, 265–6: as basis of liability 26, 27, 29, 81–4, 265–7; contributory 267, 390, 412; of the carrier 22, 29, 41–2, 66, 181, 303, 317
“faute inexcusable” 66
“faute intentionnelle” 280
“faute ou negligence” 49, 265; see also fault; neglect
“faute personnelle” 66; see also fault; privity
ferry traffic 132, 137
FIO(S) clauses 167–8, 202
fire 29, 82–3, 176, 181, 263–4
f.o.b. seller 141, 147, 202
“fonctions” 274
“force majeure” 32, 33
“fortune de mer” 30; see also perils of the sea
France 65, 144
freedom of contract 130–1
freight 338
freight ad valorem 61
“freight prepaid” clause 161–2, 351
freight unit 56
“freinte de route” 39
Fund Convention 1971 xv

geographic deviation 44
global limitation 53, 98, 261, 364, 404
gold monetary units 59
good faith 16, 80, 84, 106, 108, 157–9, 184
goods 12, 76–7, 105, 112–13, 301, 315, 321, 338; commodity exchange price 48; current market price 48; dangerous 49–51, 89–90, 170, 199–202, 326, 347; delivery 128–9, 213–27; description 16, 36, 49, 57, 79–81, 148, 157–9, 200–1, 232; discharge of 13–14, 76, 181–2; fragile 40; handling 24, 181–2, 194–5, 203; identification 40, 148–9; loading of 13–14, 76, 148–9, 181–2; misstatement of nature or value 45–6; order and condition 149–51; packing and marking 39–40, 182; qualifying information 157–61; quantity 57, 81, 149; reasonable inspection of 150–1; sacrifice of 170–1, 342; stowing 63, 168, 181–2, 194, 206; undeliverable 225; undelivered 223–7, 354; value of 45–8, 108, 231; weight of 57, 81, 149, 230; see also damage; loss
governments 179–80
gross weight 57
guarantees: by the shipper 80–1, 328–9; contractual 80; statutory 80

Hague Conference 1921 15, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36–9, 43, 52, 55, 70
Hague Rules xv, 72, 244–5, 294–306; acts of omission 36; bill of lading 6; contract of carriage 9; deviation to save life or property 43, 44; implementation 75; language 4–5; liability of the carrier 45, 46; limits of liability 53, 55, 61, 229; notice of loss or damage 68–9; riots and civil commotions 38; scope of application 119; seizure under legal process 35; States Parties 4, 99–100; strikes or lockouts 37; see also International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading 1924 (Hague–Visby Rules)
Hague–Visby Rules see International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading 1924
Hamburg Rules see United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978
Harter Act 17, 18, 23, 30, 34, 39, 42, 52
Hill, Sir Norman 16, 17, 20n73, 34, 36–7, 41
holder 337
hostile act 179
hostilities 178–9
hull insurance 30
hundredweight 55

ILA Maritime Law Committee 52
IMCO xiv, xvn3
IMDG Code 50, 201, 202
Immunity Convention 1926 xvi, 13n43
IMO 18, 273–4, 284
IMO Reservation and Guidelines 264–5, 269, 276, 277, 286–9, 291–2, 420–2
inadequacy 182; of marks 40
independent contractors 19, 46–7, 87–8, 139, 140n115, 186, 274–5
inevitable accidents 33
“inexactitudes” 49; see also innacuracies
inherent defects 39
injury 262–6, 269, 277, 287, 390, 399, 412, 419, 426–7
inland waterways 122, 125, 128, 134, 138
inaccuracies 45, 49, 79
insufficiency: of marking 40, 182; of packing 39–40, 182
“insuffisance” 182; see also insufficiency
insurance 275–80, 387–9, 410–12, 419; action against insurer 279–80; amount of security 276; certificates 278–9, 419, 425–7; IMO Reservation and Guidelines 286–8; nature of security 276, 278; obligation to provide 277; ships owned by State Parties 280
Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) 138
International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH) 102
international carriage 292, 386, 408
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 97, 102, 119
International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) 102
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading 1924 (Hague–Visby Rules) 3–73, 294–320; bill of lading 5–12, 14–16, 45–6, 53–4; contract of carriage 8–14; implementation 73; liability of the carrier 17–48, 62; liability of the shipper 49–51; limits of liability 52–68; mandatory nature 72–3; notice of loss or damage 68–70; origin 3–4; period of application 13–14; scope of application 5–14; SDR Protocol 1979 4, 52, 59–60, 272, 312–14; States Parties 4; time for suit 71–2; transport documents 14–16; Visby Protocol 1968 xvi, 5, 6, 16, 52, 55, 61, 71, 268, 307–11
international conventions xvi–xvii
International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) 102
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 59–60, 233
International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI) 102
ISM Code 18, 23, 26
Italian Civil Code 111n40
Italian Code of Navigation xvii, 54, 146
Italy 16, 46n170, 54, 144

Joint Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Maritime Liens and Mortgages and Related Subjects (JIGE) xvn4
judicial proceedings 86, 91, 92, 129, 235, 239, 242, 271, 330, 359, 360
jurisdiction: actions against maritime performing parties 239–40, 360; actions against the carrier 235–7; Athens Convention 281–4, 393; choice of court agreements 237–9, 360; consolidation of actions 239–40, 361; Hamburg Rules 92–4, 99, 330; provisional and protective measures 240–1, 360; recognition and enforcement 241, 361; removal of actions 240, 361; Rotterdam Rules 129, 235–41, 359–61
Keith of Avonholm, Lord 20

Lady Gwendolen 65
latent defects 41
Leerort 63
legislative history xvii see also travaux préparatoires
letters of guarantee 81
lex fori 71, 72, 228, 267, 281
liability: ex recepto 81; global limitation 53, 98, 261, 364, 404; of actual carrier 85–6, 325; of maritime performing parties 186, 343–4; see also liability of the carrier; liability of the shipper; limits of liability
liability of the carrier: actions in tort 46–7, 87; acts or omissions of other persons 186; Athens Convention 362–8, 386–7, 408–9; basis of liability 26, 172, 342; burden of proof 26–7, 32, 42, 82–3, 172–7, 265–6; calculation of compensation 190–1, 344; concurrent causes 177; death or personal injury of a passenger 262–6, 390, 399, 412; deck cargo 183–5; delay 172–93; deviation 42–5, 185–6; EU Regulation (EC) No 392/2009 401–406; excepted perils 26–42, 177–83; failure to execute the instructions 211; Hague-Visby Rules 17–48, 46–8, 62; Hamburg Rules 81–4, 322–6; loss or damage 26, 39, 47–8, 62–3, 172–93, 266–8, 270–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13; luggage 266–7, 270–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13; misstatement of the nature of goods 45–6; misstatement of the value of goods 45–6; Rotterdam Rules 172–93, 342–5; valuables 268, 390, 412; see also carrier; limits of liability
liability of the shipper: dangerous goods 49–51, 89–90, 199–202, 326, 347; delay 204–5; for other persons 202; Hague–Visby Rules 49–51; Hamburg Rules 80, 88–90, 326; Rotterdam Rules 199–202, 204–5; wrong information relating to the goods 49; see also shipper
Limitation Convention 1924 xv
limits of liability: amendment of 61, 273–4, 397–8, 417–18; amount of the limit 58–60; Athens Convention 261, 268–74, 390, 391, 392, 412–13; calculation 55–8; claims subject to limitation 55; conditions for the application 53–5; death and personal injury 269, 390, 412; deductibles 271; Hague Rules 53, 55, 61, 229; Hague–Visby Rules 12, 52–68; Hamburg Rules 86–7, 324; increase of 271–2; interest on damages and legal costs 271; loss caused by delay 233, 358; loss of or damage to cabin luggage 270, 412; loss of or damage to vehicles 271, 412–13; loss of the right to 61–8, 86–7, 233, 272–3, 324–5, 358, 392, 414; precedents 52–3; Rotterdam Rules 127, 229–34, 357–8; supplementary provisions 380, 391, 413; see also liability; liability of the carrier; liability of the shipper
liner transportation 116–17, 166, 337
live animals 12, 76, 82–3, 105, 113, 247, 253–4, 364
Liverpool Steam Ship Owners’ Association 42, 43
LLMC Convention 1976–1996 63, 64, 87, 261, 269, 276, 277, 280, 290
lockouts 36–7, 180–1
London Lighterage Clause 67
London Maritime Arbitration Association 95
loss 26, 39, 47–8, 62–3, 172–93; Athens Convention 260, 266–7, 270–1, 280–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13, 415; calculation of the value 47–8; caused by delay 233, 358; Hague–Visby Rules 11, 25, 39, 47–8, 55, 62–3, 68–70; Hamburg Rules 82–4, 88–90, 329; in transit 39; notice of 68–70, 90–1, 107, 191–3, 280–1, 329, 344–5, 415; of luggage 260, 266–7, 270–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13; of valuables 268, 390, 412; of vehicles 270–1, 390, 412–13; Rotterdam Rules 125, 126, 129, 130, 134–5, 137, 172–93, 190–1, 239, 344–5, 358; sustained by the carrier 49, 89, 91, 317, 326, 347; see also compensation; damage
Lugano Convention 1988 293, 428, 430
Lugano Convention 2007 108, 293, 428, 430
luggage 113, 262, 270, 385, 407; cabin 262, 266, 270, 271, 385, 407; loss of or damage to 99, 260, 266–7, 270–1, 280–1, 390, 392, 407, 412–13

machinery 56
Macmillan, Lord xvii
management 28, 65
Mansfield, Lord 33, 38
“marchandises” 69, 112, 294; see also goods
marine bill of lading 138
Marine Insurance Act 1906 44
marine pollutants 50; see also pollution
Marion 65
Maritime Arbitration Commission of Beijing 96
Maritime Arbitration Commission of the Moscow Chamber of Commerce and Industry 96
maritime lien 26
maritime performing parties 186–8, 337, 343–4; actions against 239–40, 360
marks 40
Maxine Footwear case 20
“mercancias” 112; see also goods
Merchant Shipping Act 1894 64
MLM Convention 1926 xvi, 26
MLM Convention 1993 xv
mobility equipment 402, 404
Model Law on Acts of Piracy and Maritime Violence 179
Model Law on Electronic Commerce 142
Model Law on Electronic Signatures 142
monetary units 58–9
Montreal Convention 1999 47, 125, 127, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135–6, 170, 206
multimodal transport 119–20
Muncaster Castle 19, 20
National and International Arbitration Chamber in Milano 97
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science xiv
national laws 123–4
natural accidents 33; see also acts of God
“nature spéciale” 39
“navire” 13, 294; see also ship
“navires de mer” 13
neglect 265–6
“neminem laedere” 202
non-liner transportation 117–18, 337; arbitration agreement 244, 362
nuclear damage 261, 365, 394, 416
nuclear incidents 99

obligations of the carrier: Hague-Visby Rules 17–25, 72; Rotterdam Rules 123, 128, 164–71, 181, 203, 211, 247, 341–2; see also carrier; liability of the carrier
obligations of the shipper 193–205, 346–8; carriage and delivery 164, 193–5, 346; cooperation with the carrier 203, 346; persons sharing 140–1; providing information, instruction and documents 195–8, 346
Ocean Liner Service Agreements (OLSAs) 246–7, 251
Ocean Shipping Reform Act 1998 246
overriding obligation 20–2

package 55–7, 61; see also packing
packing: absence of 40; insufficiency 39–40; see also package
pallets 58, 77, 160
Paris Convention 1960 99, 332
particulars 147–8, 198
passengers 385, 405, 407
Passengers’ Luggage Convention, 1967 282
Penal Jurisdiction Convention 1952 xvi, 263
Pennsylvania 65
performing carrier 268, 385, 387, 407, 409
performing parties 139–40, 186, 337; see also maritime performing parties
perils of the sea: and acts of God 33; liability of the carrier 29–32, 176; unavoidability 31–2; unforeseeability 31–2
permanent residence 282–3
Phillimore, Lord 34, 41, 70
Phillips, Lord 63, 64
piracy 34, 113, 178–9
place of business 282–3
place of destination 113
“poids brut” 57
Poincaré francs 59, 60, 259, 268–9
pollution xvi, 275–6; see also marine pollutants
port-to-port contract 24, 110, 148–9, 151–2, 154, 156, 166–7, 197, 243
pound sterling 58–9
practice of the trade 145–7
“pratique du commerce” 146; see also practice of the trade
“préposé” 46, 88, 274; see also agents of the carrier; servants of the carrier
“preposés et mandataires” 88, 275; see also independent contractors
prescription 227–8
prima facie evidence 16, 23, 25, 54, 69–70, 78, 80, 90, 156, 202
princes 34–5
“principal établissement” 282, 283; see also principal place of business
principal place of business 99, 129, 130, 236, 282–3
privity 22, 29, 41–2, 66, 181, 303, 317
prominent information 253
proper shipping name (PSN) 201
“properly” 22, 23, 24
Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (Visby Rules) 307–11
public authorities 179–80

qualification 156
quality 39
quarantine restrictions 36, 179–80

railway carriage 7, 123, 134, 137–8
reasonability 159, 197; of deviation to save life or property 43, 45; of goods inspection 150–1; see also reasonableness
reasonableness 197, 210; see also reasonability
“réception des marchandises” 69
reckless action 67
recklessness 64, 67
Regional Economic Integration Organizations 396
Report of the Imperial Shipping Committee 52
reservation 156, 158
residence habituelle 282; see also permanent residence
restraint: of labour 36–7, 180–1; of princes, rulers or people 34–5
revolution 33
right of control 129, 205–7, 337; exercise of 209; period of existence of 207–8; transfer of 208–9; see also controlling party
riots 37–8, 178–9
Rix, LJ 179
road carriage 124, 134, 136–7
road haulier 124
Rotterdam Rules see United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 2008
rulers 34–5, 179–80

“saisie éxécution” 35
“saisie judiciaire” 35; see also seizure under legal process
salvage xiv, 38–9, 42, 182
Salvage Convention 1910 xv
Salvage Convention 1989 xv, 182
saving life 38–9, 83
saving property 38–9, 83, 182
Scott, Sir Leslie 11, 16n54, 27, 69
SDR Protocol 1979 4, 52, 59–60, 272, 312–14
SDR see Special Drawing Right
seawater damage 19
sea waybill 9, 75, 144
seaworthiness 15, 17, 18–22, 32
seizure under legal process 35–6, 179–80
servants of the carrier: Athens Convention 274–5; Hague–Visby Rulers 46–7, 64; Hamburg Rules 82–3, 85, 87–8; Rotterdam Rules 139–40
ship 13, 301, 315, 338, 385, 407; action against 26; defect in 264; equipment 22–3; Hague–Visby Rules 13, 17–23, 32; inspections and surveys 19–20; manning 22–3; obligations relating to 17–23; owned by States Parties 280; parts carrying goods 23; size of 32; supply of 22–3; see also seaworthiness
shipper 321, 337; act of omission by 181; documentary 138, 140–1, 146–8, 181, 202–3, 337; guarantees by 80–1, 328–9; information to be furnished by 148–9; persons performing services for 142; persons sharing obligations of 140–1; see also liability of the shipper; obligations of the shipper
Shipping Act 1984 246
shipping incident 263–5
shipwreck 263
“siège de son activité” 283; see also place of business
Singapore Conference 103
slot charters 116, 118
Society of Maritime Arbitrators of New York 96
SOLAS 18, 19
Sous-Commission 9n22, 10n32, 11, 12n38, 15n48, 17n60, 27n93, 29, 69
space charters 116, 118
Special Drawing Right (SDR) 59–60, 86, 124, 125, 229, 233, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268–73, 277, 279, 287, 289, 290–1
STCW Convention 23
Steyn, Lord 10
Stockholm Conference 7, 19, 53, 56, 59, 56
stoppages of labour 36–7, 180–1
strikes 36–7, 180–1
SUA Convention 1988 179
“supplement” 137
Sweden 196, 197, 230

tariffs 54
“téméraire 67”; see also reckless action
“témérairement” 66
terrorism 34, 178–9, 286
through carriage 86, 326
time for suit 71–2, 91–2, 127, 227–8, 358–9
Tokyo Conference 1969 120
tonnage agreements 75
Torrey Canyon xiv
tramp trade 116, 244n398
“transport de marchandises” 294; see also “carriage of goods”
transport documents 144–5; and delivery of the goods 214–23; contents 15–16, 147–62; contract particulars 156–7, 347, 348, 350–1; electronic equivalent 103; evidentiary effect 16; “freight prepaid” clause 161–2, 351; Hague–Visby Rules 14–16; Hamburg Rules 78–81; information to be furnished by the shipper 148–9; information to be supplied by the carrier 149–52; issuance of 14–15, 145–7, 348; negotiable 147, 152, 162–3, 215, 219–23, 337, 352–4; non-negotiable 143, 147, 157, 184, 208, 209, 215–16, 218–19, 337, 352; principle of equivalence with electronic communications 142–3; Rotterdam Rules 128, 142–62, 208, 214–23, 326–9, 337, 348–51; types 14, 78–9; see also electronic transport records
“transporteur” 294; see also carrier
travaux préparatoires xvii; Athens Convention 279; Rotterdam Rules 115, 116, 122, 234, 237, 245–9; Hague–Visby Rules 21, 37, 41, 69
“troubles civils” 38; see also civil commotions

UCP 600 78, 162
unavoidability 31–2
UNCITRAL xv, 24n86, 102–4, 123, 131, 142, 152, 170, 172, 177, 245, 369–73
UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods 1980 xv, 120
UN Convention on the Liability of Operators of Transport Terminals in the International Trade 1991 xv, 123
unforeseeability 31–2
UNIDROIT 120
unification of maritime law xiv–xvi, 74, 104, 106
unit 56–7, 61
unit of account 59, 268–9, 312, 332–4, 358, 390–1, 413
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) xv, 119–20
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 2008 (Rotterdam Rules) xv, 336–373; actions against the carrier 235–7, 359–60; and other international instruments 125–6, 131, 365; arbitration 130, 241–4, 361–3; article 26 123–31; article 82 131–8; as “maritime plus” instrument 116, 119–22; burden of proof 125, 126, 172–3, 199, 202; carriage preceding or subsequent to sea carriage 119–38; choice of court agreements 237–9, 360; consignee 138, 141, 153, 156, 207; contract of carriage 109, 111–12, 122–3; contracts excluded from the scope of application 249–50; contractual approach 109, 111–16; controlling party 138, 181, 355–7; criticism 104n18; deck cargo 183–5, 345; delay 188–90; delivery of the goods 128–9, 213–27, 351–4; deviation 185–6, 345; documentary approach 109, 116–18; documentary shipper 138, 146–8, 181, 202–3, 337, 347; door-to-door contracts 120–4; electronic transport records 142–62, 208, 338, 340, 348–51; exceptions to the mandatory character 250–6; form requirements 106–9; freedom of contract 130–1; general provisions 336–8; history 101–5; interpretations 105–6; jurisdiction 129, 235–41, 359–61; liability 126–7, 172–93, 229–34, 342–5, 357–8; loss or damage to the goods 125, 126, 129, 130, 134–5, 137, 190–1; mandatory character 244–56; matters not governed by the convention 364–5; notice of loss or damage 191–3, 344–5; obligations of the carrier 164–71, 341–2; obligations of the shipper 128, 193–205, 346–8; performing parties 139–40, 186; persons performing services for the carrier 139–40; persons performing services for the shipper 142; persons sharing obligations of the shipper 140–1; right of control 129; rights of the controlling party 205–12; scope of application 109–38, 339–40; time for suit 127, 227–8, 358–9; trade approach 116–18; transfer of rights 162–4, 357; transport documents 128, 142–62, 326–9, 337, 348–51; travaux préparatoires of 115, 116, 122, 234, 237, 245–9; validity of contractual terms 363–4
United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978 (Hamburg Rules) 74–98, 321–35; actions against servants and agents of the carrier 87–8; actions in tort against the carrier 86–7; and other conventions 98–100, 332, 334; arbitration 94–7, 99, 331; bill of lading 78–80, 90, 94, 98; claims and actions 329–31; contract approach 75; contract of carriage 75–9, 84, 87, 93, 98; deck cargo 84–5, 98, 325; documentary approach 75–6; general provisions 321–2; geographic approach 76; guarantees by the shipper 80–1, 328–9; interpretation 74; jurisdiction 92–4, 99, 330; liability of the carrier 81–6, 322–6; liability of the shipper 88–90, 326; limits of liability 62–3, 86–7, 324; mandatory nature 97–8; notice of loss or damage 90–1; period of application 77; scope of application 75–7, 322; States Parties 4, 74; supplementary provisions 331–3; through carriage 86, 326; time for suit 91–2; transport documents 78–81
United States 33, 44, 57, 65, 96, 196, 197, 246
US Carriage of Goods Act 1936 54, 56
usage 145–7

valuables 268, 390, 412
vehicles 107, 266, 270–1, 338, 390
“vice cache” 39
“vice propre” 39
Vienna Convention 1963 99, 332
Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods 1980 106
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 xvii, 4, 18, 93, 100, 127, 275
Visby Protocol 1968 xvi, 5, 6, 16, 52, 55, 61, 71, 268, 307–11
volume contract 230, 236–8, 243, 245–8, 250–3, 336, 363–4

war 178–9; see also act of war
War Automatic Termination and Exclusion 423–4
Ward, LJ 179
Warsaw Convention 1929 62, 63, 66, 99
wastage 39
Waterway 2000 126, 138n109
waves 30
weight 57, 81, 149, 230; unknown 15, 16, 160
wind force 30–1

York-Antwerp Rules 183

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