Marine Pollution Control
Page 335
Index
Index
- accidental spillage: meaning 32
- air pollution 179–204;
- bioenergy/ biofuels 203;
- contribution of shipping to 181–3;
- EU emission trading scheme 191–2;
- EU level regulatory framework 188–92;
- glossary 182–3;
- IAPPC 193;
- IEEC 193–4;
- IMO’s fuel consumption data 202;
- inspections 192–3;
- key management issues streaming from EU regime 199–200;
- liquefied natural gas 202;
- market–based approaches 201;
- MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI 80–1
- see also MARPOL Annex VI;
- Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Regulation 190–1, 199–200;
- nature of problem 180;
- post state control 200–1;
- recent European Union developments 202;
- regulatory and non–regulatory approaches 184;
- regulatory framework 183–92;
- SEEMP 194–9;
- surveys 192–3;
- who is working on agenda 184
- Amoco Cadiz 35–6
- Antarctic, protection of: limitation of liability, and 332–3
- anti–fouling systems 206–32;
- AQUAPOL 239
- Arctic: EU policy for 25
- atmospheric pollution: offshore oil and gas industry 67
- ballast water 206–32;
- Baltic Sea: sewage 116–7
- Basel Convention: wastes 138–40
- best industry practices: marine pollution from oil, and 49–50
- bio energy 203
- biofuels 203
- Bunker Pollution Convention 2001 326–7
- cargo record book 174
- cargo residues: definition 131
- carriage of chemicals by sea 156–78;
- challenges for preparedness and response 247–8
- chemicals: nature of 156;
- offshore oil and gas industry, and 66
- civil liability 305–6
- classification societies 20–1;
- CLC 315–25
- CLEE 1977 85
- Clean Water Act: civil liability 96–8;
- climate change: contribution of shipping to 181–3;
- who is working on agenda 184
- coastal states: role 11–19;
- compensation 296–7
- coordinated framework 234–59;
- criminal law 296
-
criminal liability 306–10Page 336
- criminalisation of seafarers 286–90
- customary international law: offshore oil and gas industry 69
- damages loss and claims 297–305;
- dangerous goods: meaning 157
- discharge: MARPOL 73/78 definition 76
- drill cuttings: offshore oil and gas industry, and 65
- drilling fluid: offshore oil and gas industry, and 64–65
- dumping: definition 130–1;
- emission control areas 185–6
- EMSA 238–9
- energy efficiency design index 187
- environmental regulations: current position 26;
- Erika 37
- Espoo Convention 88–9
- European Union 21–5;
- agenda on marine pollution, future of 24–5;
- Arctic, policy for 25;
- CFP 22;
- contribution of 21–5;
- IMP 22;
- Marine Directive 21–2;
- maritime safety policy 22–3;
- maritime transport policy 22;
- monitoring, reporting and verification system 24;
- private operators, and 23–4;
- regulatory framework 21–5;
- sewage 117–8;
- WFD 22
- EU Directive 2005/35 as amended 309–10
- EU Directive 2009/20/EC 313–4
- European Union regulation 1272/2008 164–5
- fatigue 285–6
- flag states: role 11–19;
- UNCLOS III, and 13
- Formal Safety Assessment: approach 4
- Four Pillars of shipping legislation 5, 6
- FPSO & FSU Guidelines 79
- fuel oil tankers: protection 44–5
- Fund Convention 1992 315–25
- garbage: definition 129;
- garbage management: definition 129
- garbage management and disposal: MARPOL 73/78 Annex V 79–80
- Garbage Management Plans 145
- garbage record book 146–7
- Geneva Conventions 1958: offshore oil and gas industry 69–70
- GESAMP: offshore oil and gas industry, and 60
- GESAMP hazard profiles 163–4
- GHS 161–2
- grey water: definition 129
- harmful substances: MARPOL 73/78 definitions 78;
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) 158–9
- hazardous chemicals: nature of 156–7
- Hebei Spirit 37
- hot pursuit: right of 16
- human element 261–9;
- IAPPC 193
- IEEC 193–4
- ILO MLC 2006 268–74
- IMSAS: sewage 121–2
- industry best practice 26
- international law 296
- International Maritime Organisation 5–10, 237–8;
- IMO Guide to Good Practice for Port Reception Facility Providers and Users: sewage 115–9
- international oil pollution prevention certificate 48
- International Organisation for Standardisation 26
- International Safety Management Code: marine pollution from oil, and 48–9
- international sewage pollution prevention certificate 120–1
-
INTERPOL 239Page 337
- intervention rights on high seas 234–59;
- IOPC Funds 298–300
- IOPPC 48
- ISM Code 279–85;
- ISO 21070;
- definition 130
- Kiev Agreement 87
- landmark accidents: impact on legal framework 234
- legal aspects of marine pollution from ships 295–334
- liability, types of 305–10
- limitation of liability 310–333;
- Antarctic, protection of 332–3;
- Bunker Pollution Convention 2001 326–7;
- CLC 315–25;
- concept 310–1;
- EU Directive 2009/20/EC 313–4;
- Fund Convention 1992 315–25;
- HNS Convention 2010 327–9;
- LLMC 311–3;
- maximum limits of compensation 317;
- Nairobi Convention 2007 329–30;
- radioactive substances, carriage of 330–1;
- STUPIA 2006 325;
- Supplementary Fund Protocol 2003 315–25;
- TOPIA 2006 325
- liquefied natural gas 202
- London Convention 1972 81–3;
- London Protocol 1996;
- managerial aspects of response 251–8;
- marine debris: key land and ocean–based sources 127
- marine mammals: ship strikes with 226–7
- marine pollutant: meaning 158
- marine pollution: accidental spillage 32;
- Amoco Cadiz 35;
- best industry practices 49–50;
- causes of large oil spills 34;
- certification 46–8;
- challenges 32–41;
- definitions 39–41;
- documentation 46–50;
- effects 33;
- enforcement 52–5;
- Erika 37;
- Hebei Spirit 37;
- international oil pollution prevention certificate 48;
- implementation 52–5;
- International Safety Management Code 48–9;
- key management issues 46–50;
- key terms 39–41;
- MARPOLAnnex I 38–9, 41–6
- see also MARPOL Annex I;
- Nakhodka 36;
- national jurisdiction 52–5;
- oil record book 47–8;
- operation at time of incident for large oil spills 34;
- port state control 38–9;
- Prestige 37;
- Polar Code 51–2;
- reduction 33;
- selected cases 52–5;
- ship–to–ship transfer of crude oil and petroleum products 50–1;
- shipboard oil pollution contingency plan 47;
- surveys 46–8;
- Torrey Canyon 35
- marine pollution control regulatory framework overview 10
- marine pollution from oil 31–56
- marine pollution outside scope of MARPOL 206–32
- MARPOL 73/78 75–81;
- Annex I: regulations for preparation of pollution by oil 76–9;
- application 76–7;
- compliance 77;
- harmful substances 78;
- oil filtering equipment 77–8
- see also MARPOL Annex I;
- Annex V: garbage management and disposal 79–80
- see also MARPOL Annex V;
- Annex VI: air pollution 80–1;
- discharge, definition 76
- see also MARPOL Annex VI;
- FPSO & FSU Guidelines 79;
- limitations 91;
- offshore oil and gas industry, and 75–81;
- ships, definition 75
- MARPOLAnnex I 38–9, 41–6;
- MARPOLAnnex II 166–71;
- IBC Code, and 166–7;
- cargo record book 174;
- categorisation of noxious liquid substances 167–8;
- certificates 172–4;
- design and construction 168–9;
- discharge prohibitions 169–70;
- material scope of application 167;
- Polar Code 170–1;
- port reception facilities 175–6;
- port state control on operational requirements 174–5;
- procedures and arrangements manual 174;
- shipboard marine pollution emergency plan for noxious liquid substances 174;
- surveys 172–4;
- verification of compliance 170
- MARPOLAnnex III 171–2;
- MARPOLAnnex V 140–53;
- areas of special interest 151–3;
- communication and advance notice of wastes 149–50;
- considerations during MARPOL residues/wastes delivery 150;
- considerations prior to delivery of residues/wastes onshore 147;
- documentation 144–50;
- garbage record book 146–7;
- Garbage Management Plans 144–5;
- general prohibition 141;
- good practices for shipmasters, shipowners and operators 147–50;
- logistical and commercial arrangements 147–8;
- key management issues 144–50;
- key regulations 141;
- minimization and management of ship–generated residue/waste 148–9;
- overview 140–4;
- placards 145–6;
- port reception facilities, adequacy of 151;
- port state control findings 152;
- summary of restrictions to discharge of garbage 143
- MARPOLAnnex VI 184–8;
- Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Regulation 190–1
- MRV Regulation 199–200
- Nairobi Convention 2007 329–30
- Nakhodka 36
- National Contingency Plan: USA 102–3
- national jurisdictions: marine pollution from oil, and 52–5
- nitrogen oxides: control of emissions 186
- NLS certificate 173–4
- non–governmental organisations 25–6;
- offshore oil and gas industry 57–94;
- atmospheric pollution 67;
- chemicals 66;
- CLEE 1977 85;
- customary international law 69;
- deleterious ecological effects 63;
- domestic legal sources 68;
- drill cuttings 65;
- drilling fluid 64–5;
- dumping 67;
- Espoo Convention 88–9;
- future directions 92–3;
- Geneva Conventions 1958 69–70;
- GESAMP, and 60;
- international instruments addressing liability, clean up and compensation 83–6;
- international instruments addressing specific pollution sources 75–83;
- international law and policy 68–90;
- international legal framework 61–2, 68–75;
- international policy statements 86–9;
- Kiev Agreement 87;
- limits of international legal framework 90–2;
- London Convention 1972 81–3
- see also London Convention 1972;
- maritime zones under coastal state jurisdiction 68;
- MARPOL 73/78 see MARPOL 73/78;
- Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement 1974 84–5;
- oil 64;
- OPRC 1990 85–6;
- OSPAR Convention 89–90;
- pollution created by 57–94;
- pollution from seabed activities 64–67;
- produced water 65–6;
- sound production 66;
- regional agreements 89–90;
- regulating pollution from 60–2;
- relative contribution to pollution 60;
- Rio Draft 60;
- source of pollution, as 58–9;
- specific sources of pollution 61, 63–7;
- Stockholm Declaration 1972 69;
- UNCED 86–7;
- UNCLOS III 70–75, 83–4
- see also UNCLOS III;
- UNEP 87–8;
- vessels, pollution from 67
- Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement 1974 84–5
- oil: definition 32;
- offshore oil and gas industry, and 64
- Oil Pollution Act 1990: civil liability 96–8;
- oil record book 47–8
- oil spill management 251–4
- oil tankers, cargo area of: discharges from 46
- operational discharge of oil: machinery spaces, from 45
- operational wastes: definition 130
- OPOL 1974: limitations 91
- OPRC 1990 85–6;
- OPRC Convention 242–4
-
OPRC–HNS Protocol 244–6Page 339
- ozone–depleting substances: regulation 186
- P&I Clubs 300–1
- placards: MARPOLAnnex V 145–6
- Polar Code: marine pollution from oil, and 51–2;
- pollution of the marine environment: meaning 2;
- UNCLOS III definition 63
- port reception facility: definition 131
- port state control: air pollution 200–1;
- port states: role 11–9;
- Prestige 37
- private operators: EU, and 23–4;
- UNCLOS III, and 19
- produced water: offshore oil and gas industry, and 65–6
- protection of marine environment: legal instruments 3;
- priority, as 3
- radioactive substances, carriage of: limitations of liability 330–1
- regional framework 248–9
- REMPEC 249–51
- Rio Draft 60
- salvors: damages loss and claims, and 301–2
- SEEMP 194–9
- self–regulation: concept 4–5
- sewage 107–23;
- areas of special interest in relation to legal framework 121–2;
- Baltic Sea 116–7;
- best practice 121;
- certification 120–1;
- challenges for marine environment 107–10;
- control of discharges into sea 113–5;
- definition 129;
- discharge of 111–2;
- documentation 120–1;
- European Union 117–8;
- IMO guide to Good Practice for Port Reception Facility, Providers and Users 115–9;
- IMSAS 121–2;
- international sewage pollution prevention certificate 120–1;
- key management issues 120–1;
- key terms and definitions 109–10;
- legal basis, overview 110–9;
- MARPOLAnnex IV 109, 110–9, 120–1;
- meaning 107–10;
- operational requirements 119;
- Polar waters 119;
- reception facilities 115–9;
- statistics 108;
- summarised framework of prohibitions of discharge 114;
- surveys 120–1;
- USA 118–9
- ship certification: IMO, and 9
- ship energy efficiency: measures involving 186–7
- ship recycling 206–32;
- ship–to–ship transfer of crude oil and petroleum products 50–1
- shipboard oil pollution contingency plan 47
- shipping legislation: four pillars 5, 6
- ships: MARPOL 73/78 definition 75
- sound production: offshore oil and gas industry, and 66
- special area: definition 131
- spill notification requirements: USA 103
- spill response contracts 246–7
- Standard European Behaviour Classification: chemicals 163
- standard–setting process 3–5;
- state obligations to protect and preserve marine environment: UNCLOS III 71
- state obligations to regulate dumping: UNCLOS III 72–4
- state obligations to regulate pollution from activities carried out in area: UNCLOS III 75
- state obligations to regulate pollution from or through atmosphere: UNCLOS II 74
- state obligations to regulate pollution from seabed activities: UNCLOS III 72
- STCW 2010 274–9
- Stockholm Declaration 1972: offshore oil and gas industry 69
- STOPIA 2006 325
- sulphur caps: setting on content of marine fuels 185
- UNCED 86–7
- UNCLOS III 11–26, 70–5, 235–7;
- coastal states, and 13–19;
-
compensation 83–4;Page 340
- contents 11;
- flag states, and 13–19;
- limitations 90;
- marine pollution enforcement powers 14;
- offshore oil and gas industry 70–5;
- part XII 12–13;
- pollution of the marine environment, definition 63;
- port states, and 13–19;
- private operators, and 19;
- state obligations to protect and preserve marine environment 71;
- state obligations to regulate dumping 72–4;
- state obligations to regulate pollution from activities carried out in area 75;
- sate obligations to regulate pollution from or through atmosphere 74;
- state obligations to regulate pollution from seabed activities 72;
- waste 133
- underwater energy, monitoring of: EU action 229–31
- underwater noise emissions 227–9
- UNEP 87–8, 238
- UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods 165–6
- United States of America 95–106;
- Clean Water Act 95–9;
- civil and criminal penalties 104–5;
- framework for prevention and response to marine oil pollution incidents 95–106;
- marine oil pollution 95–106;
- National Contingency Plan 102–3;
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 95–9;
- penalities for failure to comply with response plan requirements 102;
- port state control 101–2;
- prevention of pollution 99–102;
- response 102–5;
- sewage 118–9;
- spill notification requirements 103;
- vessel response plans 99–101
- wastes 125–54;
- Basel Convention 138–40;
- definition 127–8, 130;
- garbage, and 128;
- general regulatory framework 131–40;
- identifying problem 125–8;
- Jeddah Convention 131, 133;
- key land and ocean–based sources 127;
- key terms and definitions 128–31;
- legislative background 131–40;
- London Convention 1972 133–5;
- London Protocol 1996 135–7;
- management hierarchy showing priority and less preferred options 127;
- MARPOL Annex V see MARPOL Annex V;
- Polar Code 152–3;
- regulation of discharges of dumping (non exhaustive list of related instruments) 132;
- statistics 126;
- UNCLOS III 133