Marine Pollution Control
Page 335
Index
Index
accidental spillage: meaning 32
air pollution 179 – 204 ;
bioenergy/ biofuels 203 ;
contribution of shipping to 181 – 3 ;
EU emission trading scheme 191 – 2 ;
EU level regulatory framework 188 – 92 ;
glossary 182 – 3 ;
IAPPC 193 ;
IEEC 193 – 4 ;
IMO’s fuel consumption data 202 ;
inspections 192 – 3 ;
key management issues streaming from EU regime 199 – 200 ;
liquefied natural gas 202 ;
market–based approaches 201 ;
MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI 80 – 1
see also MARPOL Annex VI;
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Regulation 190 – 1 , 199 – 200 ;
nature of problem 180 ;
post state control 200 – 1 ;
recent European Union developments 202 ;
regulatory and non–regulatory approaches 184 ;
regulatory framework 183 – 92 ;
SEEMP 194 – 9 ;
surveys 192 – 3 ;
who is working on agenda 184
Amoco Cadiz
35 – 6
Antarctic, protection of: limitation of liability, and 332 – 3
anti–fouling systems 206 – 32 ;
AFS convention 217 – 18 ;
best management practices 218 – 20 ;
certification 218 ;
key terms/definitions 207 ;
nature of problem 216 – 20 ;
surveys 218
AQUAPOL 239
Arctic: EU policy for 25
atmospheric pollution: offshore oil and gas industry 67
ballast water 206 – 32 ;
BWM convention 213 ;
documentation 213 – 5 ;
international regulations 209 – 13 ;
interphase with marine environment 208 ;
key management issues 213 – 5 ;
key terms/definitions 207 ;
MEPC. 279 (70) 210 – 3 ;
post state control 215 – 6 ;
Baltic Sea: sewage 116 – 7
Basel Convention: wastes 138 – 40
best industry practices: marine pollution from oil, and 49 – 50
bio energy 203
biofuels 203
Bunker Pollution Convention 2001 326 – 7
cargo record book 174
cargo residues: definition 131
carriage of chemicals by sea 156 – 78 ;
European Union Regulation 1272/2008 164 – 5 ;
GESAMP hazard profiles 163 – 4 ;
glossary 160 – 1 ;
MARPOL Annex II see MARPOL Annex II;
MARPOLAnnex III 171 – 2
see also MARPOL Annex III;
selected systems of classification 161 – 5 ;
Standard European Behaviour Classification 163 ;
UN GHS 161 – 2
challenges for preparedness and response 247 – 8
chemicals: nature of 156 ;
offshore oil and gas industry, and 66
civil liability 305 – 6
classification societies 20 – 1 ;
history of 20 ;
nature of 20
CLC 315 – 25
CLEE 1977 85
Clean Water Act: civil liability 96 – 8 ;
financial responsibility 98 – 9 ;
USA 95 – 9
climate change: contribution of shipping to 181 – 3 ;
who is working on agenda 184
coastal states: role 11 – 19 ;
UNCLOS III, and 13 – 19
compensation 296 – 7
coordinated framework 234 – 59 ;
glossary 239 – 41 ;
UNCLOS III 235 – 7
criminal law 296
Page 336
criminal liability 306 – 10
criminalisation of seafarers 286 – 90
customary international law: offshore oil and gas industry 69
damages loss and claims 297 – 305 ;
damage–related costs 298 ;
involvement of IOPC funds 198 – 300 ;
P&I clubs 300 – 1 ;
salvors, involvement of 301 – 2
dangerous goods: meaning 157
discharge: MARPOL 73/78 definition 76
drill cuttings: offshore oil and gas industry, and 65
drilling fluid: offshore oil and gas industry, and 64 – 65
dumping: definition 130 – 1 ;
London Convention 1972 82 – 3 ;
offshore oil and gas industry, and 67
emission control areas 185 – 6
EMSA 238 – 9
energy efficiency design index 187
environmental regulations: current position 26 ;
future of 26 – 8
Erika
37
Espoo Convention 88 – 9
European Union 21 – 5 ;
agenda on marine pollution, future of 24 – 5 ;
Arctic, policy for 25 ;
CFP 22 ;
contribution of 21 – 5 ;
IMP 22 ;
Marine Directive 21 – 2 ;
maritime safety policy 22 – 3 ;
maritime transport policy 22 ;
monitoring, reporting and verification system 24 ;
private operators, and 23 – 4 ;
regulatory framework 21 – 5 ;
sewage 117 – 8 ;
WFD 22
EU Directive 2005/35 as amended 309 – 10
EU Directive 2009/20/EC 313 – 4
European Union regulation 1272/2008 164 – 5
fatigue 285 – 6
flag states: role 11 – 19 ;
UNCLOS III, and 13
Formal Safety Assessment: approach 4
Four Pillars of shipping legislation 5 , 6
FPSO & FSU Guidelines 79
fuel oil tankers: protection 44 – 5
Fund Convention 1992 315 – 25
garbage: definition 129 ;
options for shipboard handling and discharge 142 ;
wastes, and 128
garbage management: definition 129
garbage management and disposal: MARPOL 73/78 Annex V 79 – 80
Garbage Management Plans 145
garbage record book 146 – 7
Geneva Conventions 1958: offshore oil and gas industry 69 – 70
GESAMP: offshore oil and gas industry, and 60
GESAMP hazard profiles 163 – 4
GHS 161 – 2
grey water: definition 129
harmful substances: MARPOL 73/78 definitions 78 ;
meaning 157 – 8
Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) 158 – 9
hazardous chemicals: nature of 156 – 7
Hebei Spirit
37
hot pursuit: right of 16
human element 261 – 9 ;
identifying 262 – 6 ;
ILO MLC 2006 268 – 74 ;
ISM Code 279 – 85 ;
key management issues 290 – 3 ;
key terms/definitions 266 – 8 ;
regulatory framework 268 – 90 ;
STCW 2010 274 – 9
IAPPC 193
IEEC 193 – 4
ILO MLC 2006 268 – 74
IMSAS: sewage 121 – 2
industry best practice 26
international law 296
International Maritime Organisation 5 – 10 , 237 – 8 ;
adoption of conventions 7 – 9 ;
amending existing instruments 8 ;
circulars 9 ;
codes 9 ;
conventions 9 ;
description 5 – 7 ;
draft instruments 8 ;
fuel consumption data 202 ;
protocols 9 ;
resolutions 9 ;
role 5 – 10 ;
ship certification 9 ;
structure 5 – 7 ;
typology of acts 9
IMO Guide to Good Practice for Port Reception Facility Providers and Users: sewage 115 – 9
international oil pollution prevention certificate 48
International Organisation for Standardisation 26
International Safety Management Code: marine pollution from oil, and 48 – 9
international sewage pollution prevention certificate 120 – 1
Page 337
INTERPOL 239
intervention rights on high seas 234 – 59 ;
glossary 239 – 41 ;
UNCLOS III 235 – 7
IOPC Funds 298 – 300
IOPPC 48
ISM Code 279 – 85 ;
marine pollution from oil, and 48 – 9
ISO 21070;
definition 130
Kiev Agreement 87
landmark accidents: impact on legal framework 234
legal aspects of marine pollution from ships 295 – 334
liability, types of 305 – 10
limitation of liability 310 – 333 ;
Antarctic, protection of 332 – 3 ;
Bunker Pollution Convention 2001 326 – 7 ;
CLC 315 – 25 ;
concept 310 – 1 ;
EU Directive 2009/20/EC 313 – 4 ;
Fund Convention 1992 315 – 25 ;
HNS Convention 2010 327 – 9 ;
LLMC 311 – 3 ;
maximum limits of compensation 317 ;
Nairobi Convention 2007 329 – 30 ;
radioactive substances, carriage of 330 – 1 ;
STUPIA 2006 325 ;
Supplementary Fund Protocol 2003 315 – 25 ;
TOPIA 2006 325
liquefied natural gas 202
London Convention 1972 81 – 3 ;
dumping 82 – 3 ;
limitations 91 ;
offshore oil and gas industry 81 – 3 ;
wastes 133 – 5
London Protocol 1996;
wastes 135 – 7
managerial aspects of response 251 – 8 ;
challenges 254 – 8
marine debris: key land and ocean–based sources 127
marine mammals: ship strikes with 226 – 7
marine pollutant: meaning 158
marine pollution: accidental spillage 32 ;
Amoco Cadiz
35 ;
best industry practices 49 – 50 ;
causes of large oil spills 34 ;
certification 46 – 8 ;
challenges 32 – 41 ;
definitions 39 – 41 ;
documentation 46 – 50 ;
effects 33 ;
enforcement 52 – 5 ;
Erika
37 ;
Hebei Spirit
37 ;
international oil pollution prevention certificate 48 ;
implementation 52 – 5 ;
International Safety Management Code 48 – 9 ;
key management issues 46 – 50 ;
key terms 39 – 41 ;
MARPOLAnnex I 38 – 9 , 41 – 6
see also MARPOL Annex I;
Nakhodka
36 ;
national jurisdiction 52 – 5 ;
oil record book 47 – 8 ;
operation at time of incident for large oil spills 34 ;
port state control 38 – 9 ;
Prestige
37 ;
Polar Code 51 – 2 ;
reduction 33 ;
selected cases 52 – 5 ;
ship–to–ship transfer of crude oil and petroleum products 50 – 1 ;
shipboard oil pollution contingency plan 47 ;
surveys 46 – 8 ;
Torrey Canyon
35
marine pollution control regulatory framework overview 10
marine pollution from oil 31 – 56
marine pollution outside scope of MARPOL 206 – 32
MARPOL 73/78 75 – 81 ;
Annex I: regulations for preparation of pollution by oil 76 – 9 ;
application 76 – 7 ;
compliance 77 ;
harmful substances 78 ;
oil filtering equipment 77 – 8
see also MARPOL Annex I;
Annex V: garbage management and disposal 79 – 80
see also MARPOL Annex V;
Annex VI: air pollution 80 – 1 ;
discharge, definition 76
see also MARPOL Annex VI;
FPSO & FSU Guidelines 79 ;
limitations 91 ;
offshore oil and gas industry, and 75 – 81 ;
ships, definition 75
MARPOLAnnex I 38 – 9 , 41 – 6 ;
construction requirements 44 ;
control of operational discharge of oil from machinery spaces 45 ;
discharges from cargo area of oil tankers 46 ;
key resolutions 42 – 4 ;
overview of legal basis 41 – 2 ;
protection of fuel oil tanks 44 – 5 ;
structure 42
MARPOLAnnex II 166 – 71 ;
IBC Code, and 166 – 7 ;
cargo record book 174 ;
categorisation of noxious liquid substances 167 – 8 ;
certificates 172 – 4 ;
design and construction 168 – 9 ;
discharge prohibitions 169 – 70 ;
material scope of application 167 ;
Polar Code 170 – 1 ;
port reception facilities 175 – 6 ;
port state control on operational requirements 174 – 5 ;
procedures and arrangements manual 174 ;
shipboard marine pollution emergency plan for noxious liquid substances 174 ;
surveys 172 – 4 ;
verification of compliance 170
MARPOLAnnex III 171 – 2 ;
documentation 176 – 7 ;
exceptions
Page 338
172 ;
labelling 172 ;
marking 172 ;
material scope of application 171 – 2 ;
NLS certificate 173 – 4 ;
packing 172 ;
port state control on operational requirements 177 ;
quantity limitations 172 ;
stowage 172 ;
substantial requirements 172
MARPOLAnnex V 140 – 53 ;
areas of special interest 151 – 3 ;
communication and advance notice of wastes 149 – 50 ;
considerations during MARPOL residues/wastes delivery 150 ;
considerations prior to delivery of residues/wastes onshore 147 ;
documentation 144 – 50 ;
garbage record book 146 – 7 ;
Garbage Management Plans 144 – 5 ;
general prohibition 141 ;
good practices for shipmasters, shipowners and operators 147 – 50 ;
logistical and commercial arrangements 147 – 8 ;
key management issues 144 – 50 ;
key regulations 141 ;
minimization and management of ship–generated residue/waste 148 – 9 ;
overview 140 – 4 ;
placards 145 – 6 ;
port reception facilities, adequacy of 151 ;
port state control findings 152 ;
summary of restrictions to discharge of garbage 143
MARPOLAnnex VI 184 – 8 ;
control of emissions of nitrogen oxide 186 ;
emission control areas 185 – 6 ;
identifying challenges 187 – 8 ;
measures involving ship energy efficiency 186 – 7 ;
regulation of ozone–depleting substances 186 ;
setting sulphur caps on content of marine fuels 185 ;
sewage 109 , 110 – 9 , 120 – 1
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Regulation 190 – 1
MRV Regulation 199 – 200
Nairobi Convention 2007 329 – 30
Nakhodka
36
National Contingency Plan: USA 102 – 3
national jurisdictions: marine pollution from oil, and 52 – 5
nitrogen oxides: control of emissions 186
NLS certificate 173 – 4
non–governmental organisations 25 – 6 ;
contribution 25 – 6
offshore oil and gas industry 57 – 94 ;
atmospheric pollution 67 ;
chemicals 66 ;
CLEE 1977 85 ;
customary international law 69 ;
deleterious ecological effects 63 ;
domestic legal sources 68 ;
drill cuttings 65 ;
drilling fluid 64 – 5 ;
dumping 67 ;
Espoo Convention 88 – 9 ;
future directions 92 – 3 ;
Geneva Conventions 1958 69 – 70 ;
GESAMP, and 60 ;
international instruments addressing liability, clean up and compensation 83 – 6 ;
international instruments addressing specific pollution sources 75 – 83 ;
international law and policy 68 – 90 ;
international legal framework 61 – 2 , 68 – 75 ;
international policy statements 86 – 9 ;
Kiev Agreement 87 ;
limits of international legal framework 90 – 2 ;
London Convention 1972 81 – 3
see also London Convention 1972;
maritime zones under coastal state jurisdiction 68 ;
MARPOL 73/78 see MARPOL 73/78;
Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement 1974 84 – 5 ;
oil 64 ;
OPRC 1990 85 – 6 ;
OSPAR Convention 89 – 90 ;
pollution created by 57 – 94 ;
pollution from seabed activities 64 – 67 ;
produced water 65 – 6 ;
sound production 66 ;
regional agreements 89 – 90 ;
regulating pollution from 60 – 2 ;
relative contribution to pollution 60 ;
Rio Draft 60 ;
source of pollution, as 58 – 9 ;
specific sources of pollution 61 , 63 – 7 ;
Stockholm Declaration 1972 69 ;
UNCED 86 – 7 ;
UNCLOS III 70 – 75 , 83 – 4
see also UNCLOS III;
UNEP 87 – 8 ;
vessels, pollution from 67
Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement 1974 84 – 5
oil: definition 32 ;
offshore oil and gas industry, and 64
Oil Pollution Act 1990: civil liability 96 – 8 ;
financial responsibility 98 – 9 ;
USA 95 – 9
oil record book 47 – 8
oil spill management 251 – 4
oil tankers, cargo area of: discharges from 46
operational discharge of oil: machinery spaces, from 45
operational wastes: definition 130
OPOL 1974: limitations 91
OPRC 1990 85 – 6 ;
limitations 91 – 2
OPRC Convention 242 – 4
Page 339
OPRC–HNS Protocol 244 – 6
ozone–depleting substances: regulation 186
P&I Clubs 300 – 1
placards: MARPOLAnnex V 145 – 6
Polar Code: marine pollution from oil, and 51 – 2 ;
MARPOLAnnex II, and 170 – 1 ;
sewage 119 ;
wastes, and 152 – 3
pollution of the marine environment: meaning 2 ;
UNCLOS III definition 63
port reception facility: definition 131
port state control: air pollution 200 – 1 ;
ballast water 215 – 6 ;
marine pollution by oil, and 38 – 9 ;
USA 101 – 2
port states: role 11 – 9 ;
UNCLOS III, and 13 – 9
Prestige
37
private operators: EU, and 23 – 4 ;
UNCLOS III, and 19
produced water: offshore oil and gas industry, and 65 – 6
protection of marine environment: legal instruments 3 ;
priority, as 3
radioactive substances, carriage of: limitations of liability 330 – 1
regional framework 248 – 9
REMPEC 249 – 51
Rio Draft 60
salvors: damages loss and claims, and 301 – 2
SEEMP 194 – 9
self–regulation: concept 4 – 5
sewage 107 – 23 ;
areas of special interest in relation to legal framework 121 – 2 ;
Baltic Sea 116 – 7 ;
best practice 121 ;
certification 120 – 1 ;
challenges for marine environment 107 – 10 ;
control of discharges into sea 113 – 5 ;
definition 129 ;
discharge of 111 – 2 ;
documentation 120 – 1 ;
European Union 117 – 8 ;
IMO guide to Good Practice for Port Reception Facility, Providers and Users 115 – 9 ;
IMSAS 121 – 2 ;
international sewage pollution prevention certificate 120 – 1 ;
key management issues 120 – 1 ;
key terms and definitions 109 – 10 ;
legal basis, overview 110 – 9 ;
MARPOLAnnex IV 109 , 110 – 9 , 120 – 1 ;
meaning 107 – 10 ;
operational requirements 119 ;
Polar waters 119 ;
reception facilities 115 – 9 ;
statistics 108 ;
summarised framework of prohibitions of discharge 114 ;
surveys 120 – 1 ;
USA 118 – 9
ship certification: IMO, and 9
ship energy efficiency: measures involving 186 – 7
ship recycling 206 – 32 ;
EU action 224 – 6 ;
Hong Kong Convention 2009 220 – 4 ;
key terms/definitions 207 ;
nature of problem 220
ship–to–ship transfer of crude oil and petroleum products 50 – 1
shipboard oil pollution contingency plan 47
shipping legislation: four pillars 5 , 6
ships: MARPOL 73/78 definition 75
sound production: offshore oil and gas industry, and 66
special area: definition 131
spill notification requirements: USA 103
spill response contracts 246 – 7
Standard European Behaviour Classification: chemicals 163
standard–setting process 3 – 5 ;
Formal Safety Assessment approach 4 ;
nature of 3 – 5 ;
prescriptive approach 3 – 4 ;
self–regulation 4
state obligations to protect and preserve marine environment: UNCLOS III 71
state obligations to regulate dumping: UNCLOS III 72 – 4
state obligations to regulate pollution from activities carried out in area: UNCLOS III 75
state obligations to regulate pollution from or through atmosphere: UNCLOS II 74
state obligations to regulate pollution from seabed activities: UNCLOS III 72
STCW 2010 274 – 9
Stockholm Declaration 1972: offshore oil and gas industry 69
STOPIA 2006 325
sulphur caps: setting on content of marine fuels 185
TOPIA 2006 325
Torrey Canyon
35
transboundary movement: definition 131
UNCED 86 – 7
UNCLOS III 11 – 26 , 70 – 5 , 235 – 7 ;
coastal states, and 13 – 19 ;
Page 340
compensation 83 – 4 ;
contents 11 ;
flag states, and 13 – 19 ;
limitations 90 ;
marine pollution enforcement powers 14 ;
offshore oil and gas industry 70 – 5 ;
part XII 12 – 13 ;
pollution of the marine environment, definition 63 ;
port states, and 13 – 19 ;
private operators, and 19 ;
state obligations to protect and preserve marine environment 71 ;
state obligations to regulate dumping 72 – 4 ;
state obligations to regulate pollution from activities carried out in area 75 ;
sate obligations to regulate pollution from or through atmosphere 74 ;
state obligations to regulate pollution from seabed activities 72 ;
waste 133
underwater energy, monitoring of: EU action 229 – 31
underwater noise emissions 227 – 9
UNEP 87 – 8 , 238
UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods 165 – 6
United States of America 95 – 106 ;
Clean Water Act 95 – 9 ;
civil and criminal penalties 104 – 5 ;
framework for prevention and response to marine oil pollution incidents 95 – 106 ;
marine oil pollution 95 – 106 ;
National Contingency Plan 102 – 3 ;
Oil Pollution Act 1990 95 – 9 ;
penalities for failure to comply with response plan requirements 102 ;
port state control 101 – 2 ;
prevention of pollution 99 – 102 ;
response 102 – 5 ;
sewage 118 – 9 ;
spill notification requirements 103 ;
vessel response plans 99 – 101
vessels: offshore oil and gas industry 67
vessel response plans: USA 99 – 101
wastes 125 – 54 ;
Basel Convention 138 – 40 ;
definition 127 – 8 , 130 ;
garbage, and 128 ;
general regulatory framework 131 – 40 ;
identifying problem 125 – 8 ;
Jeddah Convention 131 , 133 ;
key land and ocean–based sources 127 ;
key terms and definitions 128 – 31 ;
legislative background 131 – 40 ;
London Convention 1972 133 – 5 ;
London Protocol 1996 135 – 7 ;
management hierarchy showing priority and less preferred options 127 ;
MARPOL Annex V see MARPOL Annex V;
Polar Code 152 – 3 ;
regulation of discharges of dumping (non exhaustive list of related instruments) 132 ;
statistics 126 ;
UNCLOS III 133
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