i-law

Construction Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution

Page 379

Index

Index

  • ‘1996 Act’. See Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act (UK) [1996]
  • ‘2009 Act’. See Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 (the ‘2009 Act’)
  • AA 96. See Arbitration Act 1996
  • AAA. See American Arbitration Association (AAA)
  • Absolute certainty
  • Absolute doctrine of state immunity, See also State immunity
  • Abuse of rights
    • Belgian Civil Code 6.35
    • French Civil Code 6.27
    • and good faith, concept of 6.43
    • Spanish Civil Code 7.28
    • Trans-Lex Principles 6.42
  • ACA Standard Form of Contract for Project Partnering
  • Achmea Agreement
  • Achmea ruling
  • acta iure imperii
  • acta iure gestionis . See also acta iure imperii
  • Acts of sovereign nature
  • Adjudication, See also Statutory Adjudication
  • Adjudication schemes
    • Australia 15.1–15.84
    • low value 12.61–12.60
    • Low Value Disputes Adjudication Service (‘LVD AS’) 12.63–12.69
    • Low Value Disputes Model Adjudication Procedure (‘LVD MAP’) 12.65–12.60
  • Adjudicator
  • Adjudicator bias
  • Administration of Justice Act 1920
  • ADR. See Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
  • Algorithms . See Artificial Intelligence

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     Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
  • American Arbitration Association (AAA)
    • Dispute Resolution Board 9.14
  • Amiable compositeurs. See Artificial intelligence
  • Amicable dispute resolution. See Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
  • Anti-suit injunctions. See Injunctions
  • Arbitral awards
  • Arbitral tribunals
  • Arbitration Act 1991 (Canada)
    • arbitrator’s award under 13.4
    • section 13.18 (5) 13.5
  • Arbitration
  • Arbitration Act 1996 (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) (AA96)
    • challenges to arbitral awards, pursuant to 17.141
    • coming into force of 2.14
    • law of the seat, greater emphasis placed on 2.37
    • NSW Act compared to 15.19
    • ‘procedural’ applications 17.147
  • Arbitration agreement, See also Arbitration clause
  • Arbitration clause
    • autonomy of 2.8
    • Brazilian law 2.19
    • English law 2.31
    • law governing 2.1, 2.4
      • need for separate inquiry into 2.5–2.13
    • Indian law 2.30
    • main contract, applicability of 2.12
    • ‘main contract’ approach 2.14–2.35, 2.71–2.72
    • party autonomy 2.77
    • ‘seat’ approach 2.36–2.46
    • separability 2.7
    • Russian law 2.31
    • transnational approach 2.47–2.55
      • estoppel principle 2.61–2.64, 2.74
      • national rules, convergence with 2.56–2.67
      • non-discrimination principle 2.58–2.60, 2.73
      • problems surrounding 2.56
      • validation principle 2.65–2.67, 2.75
  • Arbitration Rules
  • Arbitrator, See also Arbitral tribunals
  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)
  • ArbitratorIntelligence
    • AI and arbitrator selection 5.31
  • Arb-med (or Med-arb)
  • ARIAS rules
  • Artificial intelligence (AI)
    • AI hype 4.8
    • algorithms 4.5, 5.5
    • amiable compositeurs 5.23–5.24
    • arbitral decision-making by 5.23–5.27
    • arbitration, impact on 5.1–5.33
    • as ‘assistant’ 5.11
    • ‘black box’ problem 5.15, 5.16, 5.28
    • CARA AI 5.6
    • COMPAS 5.15
    • data mining 5.26
    • as decision-maker 5.9–5.11
    • definition and use inside legal context 5.3–5.8
    • Distributed Ledger Technology (blockchain) 4.1
    • in construction disputes 4.3–4.7
    • within construction industry 4.8–4.20
    • hidden biases of 5.2, 5.12–5.15
    • High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence 5.5
    • human intelligence, mimicking of 5.6
    • intuitu personae character of the arbitrator’s work 5.9–5.11
    • inventor of term 5.3
    • iura novit arbiter 5.21–5.22
    • irua novit curia 5.22
    • legal and non-legal barriers to the use of 5.9–5.32
    • LegalTec 4.1–4.2
    • liability for use or non-use of 5.32
    • outcome prediction 4.16, 5.7, 5.28–5.31
    • predictive justice algorithm 5.8
    • ‘reasoning’, capacity for 5.16–5.20
    • replication problem 5.15, 5.16, 5.28
    • ROSS Intelligence 5.6
    • smart solutions 4.7
      • vending argument 4.7
  • Audit
  • Augmented intelligence
    • artificial intelligence as acronym for 5.33
  • Australia . See also Statutory adjudication: Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
    • statutory adjudication regime 14.13
  • Australian East Cost model
  • Australian West Coast model
  • B2B disputes
    • AI used to decide 5.33
    • arbitral tribunals, cases submitted to 5.30
  • BEIS. See Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (‘BEIS’)
  • Belgium Civil Code
    • applicability and scope of ‘good faith’ 6.31–6.36
    • theory of hardship, rejection of 6.36, 6.38
  • Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) (EU)
  • ‘Black box’ problem. See Artificial intelligence
  • Blockchain 4.1, 5.1
  • Bolivia
  • British Columbia. See Canada: British Columbia
  • Building Information Modeling Solutions (BIM)
  • Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (‘BEIS’)
    • adjudication, affordability of 12.62
    • Consultation (post-implementation review) 12.70, 12.79
  • Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act (Chapter 30B) 2004/ 2005. See Security of Payment Act (the ‘SOP Act’ or ‘SOPA’) (Singapore)
  • Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment (Amendment) Act in 2018/ 2019 (Singapore)
  • Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Regulations 2019 (‘SOP Regulations’) (Singapore)
    • passing and updating of 14.7
  • Bulgaria
    • dispute board decisions, enforcement of 9.95
  • Caltran
  • Canada
    • British Columbia 13.62
    • ‘dispute’, definition of 13.19
    • federal jurisdiction 13.61
    • Manitoba 13.64,See also Statutory adjudication: Manitoba
    • Manitoba Law Reform Commission 13.61, 13.63
    • New Brunswick 13.65,See also Statutory adjudication: Manitoba
    • Nova Scotia 13.66,See also Statutory adjudication: Nova Scotia
    • Ontario 13.1–13.60,See also Statutory adjudication: Canada
    • Saskatchewan See Statutory adjudication: Saskatchewan
    • Supreme Court 7.57, 13.58
  • Centre for Transnational Law (CENTRAL)
    • lex mercatoria 6.39
  • CERN. See European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN)
  • Channel Tunnel
    • dispute boards used in 9.1
  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)
    • Conflict Avoidance Pledge 8.40
    • Dispute Board Rules (CIArb Rules) 9.23, 9.29
    • Guide to Conflict Avoidance & Dispute Resolution for the Construction and Engineering Industry 8.39
  • Chad, Republic of
    • international disputes 17.123
    • Singapore Convention 3.4
  • China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC)
    • disputes referred to 8.60
  • Civil law
    • Australia and good faith 7.58
    • Belgium and good faith 6.4, 6.6, 6.19, 6.30–6.36
    • and common law, contrasting approaches of 6.1–6.4
    • and common law, convergence with 7.1–7.66
    • France and good faith 6.4, 6.6, 6.19, 6.23–6.29
    • good faith, approaches to (France, England, Germany, Spain) 7.17–7.29
    • good faith, practical implications of 6.2, 6.21, 6.37
    • jurisdictions 6.2
    • law of contract, general principle of 6.21, 6.23
    • law of obligations and good faith 6.1
    • Swiss Supreme Court and good faith 9.59
  • Civil Procedure Code (Italy)
    • section 812(1), on the legal capacity of the arbitrator 5.9
  • Civil Procedure Code (Austria)
    • Section 606(1), on the legal capacity of the arbitrator’s signature 5.9
  • Civil Procedures Law (UAE)
    • arbitral and final awards, recognition of 9.99
  • ‘Classical contracts’
    • and neo-classical contracts 8.30
  • Collaborative dispute resolution
    • good faith and 8.1–8.67
    • formal dispute resolution 8.51–8.61
    • managing disputes 8.14–8.22
    • Pre-Action Protocol 8.54
    • relational contracts See Relational contracts
    • resolution methods 8.33–8.50
    • traditional resolution methods 8.62
    • Woolf civil procedure reforms 8.52
  • Collusion

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     Columbia
  • Combined Dispute Boards (CDBs)
  • Commercial arbitration. See International commercial arbitration
  • Commercial Arbitration Acts
  • Commercial contracts
    • good faith 7.45, 7.48
    • relational contracts, as distinct from 8.65
  • Commercial disputes
    • international construction disputes 6.2
    • lex mercatoria 6.17
    • mediation to resolve 3.15
    • mercantile customary law to resolve 7.10
  • Commercial law
  • Commercial settlement agreements
    • enforcement of 3.1
  • Commercial use
  • Common law, See also Civil law
    • data, for AI 4.5
    • good faith, obstacles to recognition of 6.1
    • jurisdictions 2.10
    • orthodox English position on 7.8–7.16
    • rules (English) 2.31
  • Como Agreement
  • Conflict Avoidance Panel (CAP)
  • Conflict Avoidance Coalition Steering Group
    • Conflict Avoidance Pledge 8.40
  • Conflict of law rules
    • convergence and 2.69
    • by domestic legislatures 2.10
    • Enka v Chubb approach 2.72
    • jurisdiction, identification of forum with 17.3
    • national 2.69
    • New York Convention, Article V(1)(a) 2.12, 2.68
    • Singapore 2.42
    • transnational approach 2.47, 2.55
    • UNCITRAL 2.68
  • Construction Industry Council (‘CIC’)
    • Low Value Disputes Model Adjudication Procedure (‘LVD MAP’) 12.65
  • Contract law
  • Contract, law of
    • France’s reform of 6.24
    • general principle of 6.21, 6.23
    • good faith and 6.1
  • Contractual adjudication. See Dispute Boards
  • Contractual interpretation
    • rules of (English) 17.76
  • Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG)
  • Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States (ICSID Convention)
    • AA96 and 17.132
    • Achmea Agreement and 16.27, 16.35
    • Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act 1966 17.139 Article 25 16.17
    • Article 42(2) 6.15
    • Article 54 16.10
    • BIT between Turkey and Singapore 17.101
    • international disputes involving 7.38, 16.21, 16.22
    • investment treaty arbitrations governed by 7.32
    • obligations to seek to resolve disputes by negotiation 8.57
  • Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020
    • adjudication and insolvency, impact on 12.28
  • COVID-19
  • Cross-claims
  • Curial law
    • arbitration and 2.5
    • courts, jurisdiction of 17.113, 17.189
    • ‘main contract’ approach to arbitration and 2.35
  • DAAB. See Dispute avoidance/adjudication board (DAAB)
  • DAB. See Dispute adjudication board (DAB)

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     DB. See Dispute board (DB)
  • Determination (Canada)
    • interim binding nature of 13.50
  • Determination (Singapore). See Security of Payment Act (the ‘SOP Act’ or ‘SOPA’) (Singapore)
  • Dispute
    • crystallization of 12.29–12.32
    • definition in case law and adjudication legislation 3.18
    • definition of 12.30
  • Dispute adjudication board (DAB)
  • Dispute avoidance/adjudication board (DAAB)
  • Dispute board (DB), See also FIDIC
  • Dispute resolution (DR)
    • artificial intelligence, use of 1.5, 4.4
    • collaborative 1.6
    • dispute boards and 1.7
    • good faith and 1.6
    • internationalization of 1.4
  • Dispute review board (DRB)
    • American Arbitration Association (AAA) DRB 9.14
    • American construction industry 9.13
  • Document disclosure
    • American style 7.35
  • Domestic legislation and arbitration agreement 2.10
  • DRB. See Dispute review board (DRB)
  • ‘Duty to speak’
  • ECJ. See European Court of Justice (ECJ)
  • ECT. See Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)
  • Emergency arbitration (EA)
  • Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)
  • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
  • ERP. See Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

  • Page 385

     Estoppel principle
    • common law, addressed by 7.13
    • transnational approach to 2.61–2.64, 2.74
    • and waiver (contra factum proprium venire non potest) 7.28
  • European Commission
    • Achmea, attitude towards 16.23–16.24
    • anti-intra-EU BITS analysis 16.3
    • High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence 5.5
    • Singapore Convention 3.2
  • European Convention on State Immunity 1972 (‘ECSI’)
    • signing by the United Kingdom 17.24
  • European Court of Justice (ECJ)
  • European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN)
  • European Union (EU), See also European Court of Justice (ECJ)
  • Expedited arbitration procedures
  • ‘Fairness’
  • Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) (United States)
    • estoppel principle 2.61
    • preempting parochial interests of the states 2.59
    • Scherk v Alberto-Culver Co 2.61
  • FIDIC. See International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)
  • Fiocco, John
    • Fiocco Report 2018 15.13
  • Framework Alliancing Contract (FAC-1)
    • collaborative dispute method of 8.1, 8.48
  • Fraud
  • French Civil Code (pertaining to ‘good faith’)
  • Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements (‘HCCCA’)
    • foreign court judgement (iMSAs) enforced under 3.11, 3.16
  • Hardship
  • HCCCA. See Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements (‘HCCCA’)
  • High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. See Artificial Intelligence
  • Hong Kong International Airport
    • dispute boards used for 9.1
  • Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) (UK)
    • adjudication provided under 8.36, 12.2
    • DAB as an option under 8.45
    • ICE DB Rules, Procedure Two 9.30
    • insolvency law and 12.16
    • statutory adjudication scheme 9.20
  • IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest
    • regarding AI-arbitrator 5.12
  • ICC. See International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
  • ICE. See Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
  • ICSID Convention. See Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States (ICSID Convention)
  • Immunity. See State immunity
  • Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996
    • arbitration clause, regarding seeking relief from the court 2.30
  • Indonesia
    • international disputes 9.85
  • Injunctions
  • Insolvency
  • Insolvency Act 1986
    • adjudication and insolvency, impact on 12.28
  • Insolvency (England and Wales) Rules 2016
    • mandatory insolvency set-off, conditions regarding 12.16, 12.20
  • Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
  • International arbitration awards
    • confidential terms of 7.30
  • International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Dispute
    • good faith and arbitral tribunals constituted under 6.15
  • International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
    • arbitration
      • Deutsche Schachtbau-und Tiefbohrgesellschaft v Ras al Khaimal National Oil Co 2.48
      • Dow Chemical Company v ISOVER Saint Gobain 2.51, 2.53 Habas Sinai Ve v VSC Steel Company Ltd 2.40
    • notes to parties and arbitral tribunals on the conduct of arbitration 5.11
    • request for arbitration 11.47
    • rules
      • adaptability of 9.29
      • ‘Informal Advice’ provisions 9.44
  • International commercial arbitration, See also UNCITRAL Model Law on

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    International Commercial Arbitration 2006 (‘Model Law’)
    • common law and civil law coming together 7.1–7.66
    • complexity of laws governing 2.5
    • contract law of specific jurisdictions 7.65
    • contracts 2.12
    • convergence of civil and common law, evidence of 7.40
    • French law regarding 2.50–2.51
    • investment 6.15
    • ‘seat’, definition of 3.11
    • separability 2.7–2.8
    • transnational construction disputes submitted to 6.21
  • International commercial transactions
    • good faith, shaped by 6.14
  • International construction disputes. See also International mediated settlement agreements (‘iMSAs’); Singapore Convention on Mediation
  • International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (‘CLC’)
    • international dispute involving 17.93
  • International Convention on Salvage
  • International conventions and treaties
    • interpretation of 6.13
  • International Court of Justice
    • Article 38(1)(c) 6.10
    • good faith, position regarding 6.12
  • International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)
  • International Law Commission 1991
    • commentary on draft UNCSI 17.73
  • International mediated settlement agreements (‘iMSAs’)
    • English common law, enforcement under 3.40–3.41
    • Singapore Convention 3.1, 3.12
  • International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA-AITES)
    • collaboration with FIDIC 9.75
  • intra-EU BITs. See Bilateral investment treaties
  • Iraq
  • Investment treaty arbitration
    • good faith as stand-alone basis of claim 7.39
    • obligations 7.36
    • published outcomes of 7.32
  • Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT)
    • 1980 form of contract 8.15
    • 2011 Partnering Charter 6.46
    • Constructing Excellence contract 8.1
    • Dispute Adjudication Board agreement 8.45

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     Jurisdictional error (Australia)
  • Jurisdiction rationae personae
    • disputes occurring between parties 17.3
    • state immunity plea 17.4
  • Jus Mundi
    • AI and arbitrator selection 5.31
  • Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
  • Latham, Michael
  • Law of main contract
    • arbitration clause of international commercial contracts 2.12, 2.14–2.35
    • New York 2.33
    • separability, doctrine of 2.7
    • substantive 2.6
  • Law of matrix contract
  • Law of the forum
  • Law of the seat
  • LCIA Arbitration
    • emergency arbitrator, right to seek 11.52
  • LCIA Rules 11.53
    • on nationality of arbitrators 5.10
  • Legal realism
    • artificial intelligence and 5.26
  • Lex arbitri
    • arbitrators’ authority derived from 11.24
    • artificial intelligence 5.27
    • definition 2.5
  • Lex causae
    • definition 2.5
  • Lex mercatoria
    • academic controversies regarding 6.17
    • artificial intelligence (AI) arbitrators, as source for 5.22
    • good faith and 6.19
    • international construction disputes 6.16–6.20
    • as interpretive tool 6.20
    • transnational principles flowing from 6.39
  • Lithuania
  • Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 (the ‘2009 Act’)
    • creation and amendment of 12.2
  • Low dollar value disputes
    • mediation, effectiveness of 3.8
    • ODACC predetermined processes 13.26
  • Loyalty, duty of
    • Belgian law and good faith 6.31
    • and execution of contracts 7.19
    • French Civil Law and good faith 7.18, 7.63
    • good faith 7.19
  • Loyalty, spirit of
    • Canadian and Spanish tribunals, opinions regarding 7.39
    • Spanish Civil Code and good faith 7.28
  • Low value adjudication schemes
    • Low Value Disputes Adjudication Service (the ‘LVD AS’) 12.63–12.69
    • Low Value Disputes Model Adjudication Procedure (‘LVD MAP’) 12.65–12.69
  • Machine learning
  • ‘Main contract’ approach, See also Law of main contract
  • ‘Manifest disregard for the law’
    • legal doctrine of (United States) 2.39
  • Manitoba. See Canada: Manitoba
  • Matrix contract. See Law of matrix contract
  • Med-arb. See Arb-med (or Med-arb)
  • Mediation. See International mediated settlement agreements (‘iMSAs’); Singapore Convention on Mediation
  • Milan Chamber of Arbitration, Rules of
    • Article 14(5), on nationality of arbitrators 5.10
  • Model Law. See UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 2006 (‘Model Law’)
  • Murray, John
  • Namibia
    • dispute board decisions enforced by 9.97–9.98
    • Supreme Court 9.98

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     Natural justice
  • Network Rail (NR)
    • Conflict Avoidance Pledge (CAP) 8.40, 8.44
    • Industry Guidance Note on Dispute Avoidance Panels (DAP) 8.43
  • New Brunswick. See Canada: New Brunswick
  • New Engineering Contract 3rd edition (NEC3)
    • clause 10.1 8.13
    • Engineering and Construction Short Contract (June 2005), Z clause amendments 12.43
    • Main Option B 2013 12.48
  • New Engineering Contract 4th edition (NEC4)
  • New South Wales. See Australia; Statutory adjudication: Australia
  • New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (‘New York Convention’) Article II 2.9
  • New York
  • New Zealand
  • Nigeria
  • ‘no blame culture’
    • avoiding disputes via 6.46
  • Non-discrimination principle
  • Notice of Dissatisfaction (NOD)
  • Nova Scotia. See Canada: Nova Scotia NR. See Network Rail (NR) null
    • definition of 7.26
  • ‘Null and void’
  • Ontario. See Canada: Ontario Ontario Dispute Adjudication for Construction (‘ODACC’). See Statutory adjudication: Canada: Ontario
  • Panel of Adjudicators (POA)
  • Patent errors. See Security of Payment Act (the ‘SOP Act’ or ‘SOPA’) (Singapore) Pemex
    • arbitration agreement 2.62
  • Predictive justice
  • Privity of contract
  • ‘Progress payment’ claims
  • Project Partnering Contract (PPC2000)
    • ACA Standard Form of contracting 8.16
    • collaborative contract 8.1
  • ‘Proper invoice’ (Canada)
  • Property, ownership of
    • liabilities related to 17.168
  • ‘Property of the state’
  • Proportionality
    • in low dollar value disputes 13.26
    • need for 8.66
  • Queensland. See Australia: Queensland

  • Page 390

     Ravel Law or Premonition
    • predictive justice and Artificial Intelligence 5.7
  • Reasonableness
    • as interpreted by English courts 7.14, 12.31
    • proportionality and 8.66
    • standard of 6.41
  • Referral
    • to adjudication 8.16
    • Adjudication Society Report no. 18 12.77
    • to arbitration, premature 9.62
    • as claim, via statutory adjudication 12.5
    • to Dispute Avoidance Board 8.45, 10.13
    • to dispute board 9.25
    • Dispute Resolution Advisors 9.113
    • ICC, issued by 9.17
  • Referral notice (UK)
    • contents of 13.39
    • hearing and cross-examination 13.47
  • Relational contracts
  • Replication problem
  • Request for ADR. See International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Emergency Arbitration Rules
  • Request for Arbitration. See International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Emergency Arbitration Rules
  • RICS. See Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
  • Romania
    • dispute board decisions, enforcement of 9.95
  • Rome IÂ Regulation
    • vs English common law rules 2.32
  • ‘Rough justice’
    • challenges to adjudication and 15.60, 15.69
    • denial of procedural fairness in relationship to 15.52
  • Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
    • Conflict Avoidance Panel (CAP) process 8.41–8.42
    • Guide to Conflict Avoidance & Dispute Resolution for the Construction and Engineering Industry 8.39
  • Saskatchewan. See Canada: Saskatchewan
  • ‘Sauber’ case . See Emergency arbitration (EA)
  • SCC. See Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC)
  • ‘Seat’ See also Law of the Seat
    • of arbitration vs mediation 3.6, 3.11
  • Seat approach
  • Security of Payment Act (the ‘SOP Act’ or ‘SOPA’) (Singapore), See also Progress payment claims
  • Security of Payment Regulations (SOP Regulations) (Singapore)
    • creation of and updates to 14.7

  • Page 391

     Senior Courts Act 1981 (‘SCA’)
  • Separability
  • SIA. See State Immunity Act (SIA)
  • SIAC. See Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC)
  • Singapore
    • dispute board (DB) conventions, enforcement of 9.94
    • statutory adjudication in 14.1–14.140
  • Singapore Convention on Mediation
    • application 3.6–3.7
    • background 3.3–3.5
    • construction disputes 3.42–3.43
    • cross-border alternative dispute resolution, impact on 3.1
    • EU and UK signing on to 3.2
    • iMSAs See International mediated settlement agreements (‘iMSAs’)
    • international construction disputes, impact on 3.1, 3.37–3.43
      • mediation, desirability of 3.38
      • mediation, doubts about 3.39–3.41
    • key provisions 3.8–3.36
    • mediation, definition of 3.14–3.15
    • mediation, doubts about 3.39–3.41
    • ‘recognition’, in the sense of private international law 3.20
    • settlement agreements excluded from 3.16
  • Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC)
    • emergency arbitration rules 11.11, 11.44
    • emergency arbitrator, timeline to render decision 11.19
  • ‘Soft law’
    • emergency arbitration and 11.55
    • iura novit arbiter 5.21
  • Software, See also Building Information Modelling Solutions (BIM)
    • definition 5.5
    • image-analysis 5.4
    • liability issues 5.32
    • platforms 4.19
    • providers 4.5
  • South Africa
    • dispute board decisions, enforcement of 9.95
  • Sovereign nature, acts of. See Acts of sovereign nature
  • Sovereign wealth funds (SWF)
    • central banks and 17.56–17.66
    • as vehicles for states to invest their own reserves and assets 17.64
  • Spanish Civil Code 7.18 , 7.29
  • Spanish Penal Code
    • international disputes involving 17.93
  • ‘State’, the
    • classical concepts of 17.9
    • SIA definition of 17.51
  • State immunity, See also State Immunity Act 1978 (SIA)
  • State Immunity Act 1978 (SIA)
    • adjudicative and enforcement jurisdiction of courts, distinction between 17.118
    • agreement to arbitrate in international treaties 17.100–17.103
    • agreement in writing to arbitrate disputes 7.105
    • arbitral awards, challenges to 17.142
    • arbitration anticipated by 17.117
    • blanket immunity to central banks 17.62
    • committal order, exclusion of 17.37–17.38
    • freezing injunctions 17.154
    • injunctive relief against the state, prohibition of 17.21–17.23
    • proceedings which relate to arbitration 17.128–17.129, 17.133
    • recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgement 17.140
    • service of process against the state, rules for 17.31
    • sovereign vs commercial acts, enforcement of distinction between 17.16
    • state immunity and arbitration 17.67–17.69
    • state’s consent on its immunity from jurisdiction 17.117–17.120, 17.126
    • states bound to arbitration agreements 17.72
    • structure of 17.27–17.31
    • UNCSI, differences from/similarities to 17.26, 17.62
    • United Kingdom 17.63
  • State Immunity Bill 1978 17.24
  • State-owned entity (SOE)

  • Page 392

     Statute of the International Court of Justice
    • Article 38(1)(c) 6.10
  • Statutory adjudication, See also Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (the ’1996 Act’)
  • Stay of execution (UK)
  • Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC)
  • ‘Subject matter’

  • Page 394

     Swiss Federal Private International Law Act 2.10
  • Switzerland, See also European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN)
  • Tasmania. See Australia: Tasmania
  • TFEU (Achmea)
    • and BIT, relationship to 16.16
  • TfL. See Transport for London (TfL)
  • Three-stage test
  • TransLex Principles
    • database 6.39
    • good faith principles, definition of 6.40–6.42
  • Transnational approach
  • Transnational construction contracts
    • good faith, relevance of 6.1–6.50
    • good faith, effects of 6.21–6.50
    • international construction arbitration, sources of 6.5–6.20
  • Transport for London (TfL)
  • Turkey
    • bilateral investment treaty with Singapore 17.101
    • international disputes involving 2.40, 7.37, 17.175
  • Ukraine
  • UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 2006 (‘Model Law’)
    • 2006 amendments 11.5, 11.29
    • arbitral interim measures, developing of 11.5
    • ‘commercial’, definition of 3.12
    • conflict of law rules 2.68
    • lex mercatoria 6.19
    • Singapore Convention adoption of 3.3
  • UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG)
  • UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property 2004 (UNCSI)
    • International Law Commission’s 1991 commentary on 17.73
    • SIA, differences from and similarities to 17.26, 17.30, 17.62, 17.73
    • United Kingdom, signed by but not yet ratified 17.25–17.26
  • Unfair delay
    • Spanish law, good faith 7.28
  • Unfairness
  • Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) 6.13
  • Uniform Commercial Code (United States) 7.55
  • United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    • dispute boards 9.99
  • United Kingdom (UK), See also Statutory adjudication: United Kingdom
  • United States
    • ‘manifest disregard of the law’, legal doctrine of 2.39
    • Restatement (Second) of Contracts 7.55
    • Singapore Convention 3.2
    • Supreme Court, decisions predicted by AI 5.7, 5.29–5.31
    • Uniform Commercial Code 7.55
  • Validation principle
  • Victorian Act (Australia)
  • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treatise (VCLT) 6.13

  • Page 395

     Wallace, Andrew
  • WA SOP Bill. See Australia: Western Australia
  • Western Australia. See Australia
  • Witness
  • Witness statements and testimony
  • World Bank
    • dispute adjudication boards (DABs), use of 9.15–9.16
    • dispute avoidance/adjudication board (DAAB), incorporation of 9.80
    • dispute boards (DBs), use of 9.76
    • Standard Bidding Documents 9.2
    • Standard Procurement Documents 9.80, 9.83

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