Lloyd's Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly
AN EXPLORATION OF THE OPERATION AND REBUTTAL OF THE PRESUMPTION IN ENKA V CHUBB
Anthony Kennedy*
The Supreme Court in Enka v Chubb clarified the choice of law rules which help determine the governing law of an arbitration agreement when the law of the contract containing it differs from the law of the arbitral seat. According to that framework, where parties have chosen the law which governs the main contract, that law is presumed also to govern the arbitration agreement. This article identifies, and seeks to provide preliminary answers to, questions surrounding the operation of, and rebuttal of, that presumption, on the basis that such questions are most likely soon to require a judicial answer.
INTRODUCTION
On the face of it, in Enka Instaat Ve Sanayi AS v OOO Insurance Company Chubb,1 the Supreme Court was required to determine whether an anti-suit injunction, restraining the commencement or continuation of proceedings in Russia, should be granted. In substance, however, and as the Supreme Court recognised,2 the “central issue” in the case concerned which “system of national law governs the validity and scope of the arbitration agreement when the law applicable to the contract containing it differs from the law of the seat of the arbitration”.
The Supreme Court sharply divided on the framework which must be employed to address this central issue. Despite this, the majority3 and the minority4 both agreed, in broad terms, with the proposition that, where the parties had chosen the law to govern their main contract (ie, the contract containing the arbitration agreement), this was presumed also to govern the arbitration agreement (hereafter, the “Presumption”). Of course, being a presumption properly so called, a party may rebut it, in the right circumstances.
This article’s purpose is not to offer a perspective on the correctness of the competing overarching choice of law frameworks offered by the majority and the minority and ignores the judgments of both Andrew Baker J at first instance5 and the Court of Appeal,6 which are significantly different from the judgments of the Supreme Court in any case. This
* Lecturer in Commercial Dispute Resolution, BPP Law School; Barrister.
1. [2020] UKSC 38; [2020] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 449; [2020] Bus LR 2242; [2020] WLR 4117 (hereafter, “Enka”).
2. Enka, [2–3] and [187].
3. Lords Hamblen and Leggatt (with whom Lord Kerr agreed).
4. Lords Burrows and Sales.
5. [2019] EWHC 3568 (Comm); [2020] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 71.
6. [2020] EWCA Civ 574; [2020] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 389 (Flaux, Males and Popplewell LJJ).
The presumption in Enka v Chubb
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