Contractual Estoppel
Page 258
Index
Index
- Account
- Acknowledgment of debt
- Acknowledgment of property interest
- Admission
-
Agreed statement
- agrees fact or proposition as true 45, 51
- “basis of contract” see “Basis of contract”
- characterisation 53–56
- as consideration 143
- contractual character 51, 67
- distinct from promise of action 46–48, 107
- distinct from promise of truth 47, 61–63, 92, 107, 157
- distinct from representation of fact 52–53
- evidence, and 43
- falsity irrelevant 40
- form irrelevant 48–50
- knowledge of falsity irrelevant 41–42
- not part of written contract 53–56
- part of written contract 56
- resolves matter in issue between contracting parties 67–71
-
Assignment
- transfer of benefit of estoppel, by 110
- Basis clause
- “Basis of contract”
- Collateral warranty
- Composite clause
- Compromise agreement
- Conclusive evidence clause
- Consideration
- Consumer protection
-
Contract
- basis see “Basis of contract”
- capacity as limit to contractual estoppel 142
- distinct from estoppel 17–20
- distinct from unconscionability 224–225, 236
- exchange of promises 20, 143
- incomplete 18, 140
- policy basis for enforcement 224
- prior requirement to contractual estoppel 140, 146
- subject to contract dealings 222–223
- unenforceable 143
- void 141, 156, 168
- voidable 141, 164–166, 175
- “Contractual convention”
- Contractual discretion
-
Contractual estoppel
- see also Agreed statement
- aligned with estoppel by deed 254–255
- circuity of action 217
- equitable exception 100–102
- fraud exception 177
- general principle 25, 72–73
- is indeed an estoppel 25, 213–218
- is a legal estoppel 227
- moral and philosophical case for 28
- no requirement of clarity and unambiguity 50, 190, 233
- no requirement of inducement, reliance, detriment 39
- no requirement of unconscionability 40
- not discretionary 107
- outcomes 42–44
- policy case for 26–27
- raised by contract framed as deed 243, 244, 245
- raised by contract without more 34, 39, 50, 219
- rediscovered not invented 227–229
- response to criticism 215–218
- stare decisis 36–39
- third parties 108–110
-
Contractual estoppel distinguished from
- admission 24
- breach of contract 62, 107, 216–218
- estoppel by convention 35, 219, 234, 236–242
- estoppel by deed 25, 35, 67, 69, 242–244, 251–256
- estoppel by representation 234–236
- exclusionary rule of evidence 72
- exclusion clause 71–72, 109, 129–130, 192, 195
- promise of action 46–48, 107, 237
- promise of truth 47, 61–63, 92, 107, 157
- reliance-based estoppels 39, 40, 219
- representation of fact 52–53
- res judicata 37
-
Covenant
- binds as estoppel 247, 248
- cross-covenants 249, 251
- distinct from contractual promise 245–246, 251
- founded on form 186, 246, 248, 257
- no consideration necessary 246, 249
- not to sue 128
- to pay contrasted with receipt 95, 97, 144, 145
-
raises estoppel 250, 251, 256Page 260
- in restraint of trade 183–184
- void, as consideration 187
- Damages
- Declaration of right
- Deed
- Deeming clause
- Duty of care
-
Entire agreement clause
- basis clause 130
- captures collateral warranty not collateral contract 116
- commercial utility 120
- definition 112
- distinct from non-reliance clause 123–124, 126–128, 133–134, 136, 137
- does not capture representations of fact 122–124
- as evidence of contractual intention 121, 127, 137–138, 156
- fiduciary duties 79
- forms 113
- no bar to implication of law 153
- no bar to implication of terms in fact 149–150
- no bar to rectification 155–156
- as part of composite clause 130
- purpose 112, 114, 116
- scope 116–117, 134
- whether bars a reverse estoppel 159–160
- whether conclusive 118, 136, 138
- whether raises contractual estoppel 134
- yields to contrary intention 117–119, 139
- yields to mandatory regulation 181
-
Estoppel
- categories 9–11, 219
- consideration 18–20
- cumulative effect 21–23
- defined by preclusive effect 213
- distinct from admission 24
- distinct from contract 17–20
- evidential or substantive effect 11–12, 21
- genera 214
- how relates to the truth 6–9
- less than a cause of action 14–17
- meaning 1
- more than a rule of evidence 12–13
- not odious 3–6
- outcomes 11–12
- requirement of clarity 232–233, 255
- subject to contract negotiations 222–223
- underlying principle 1–3
-
Estoppel by contract
- see Contractual estoppel
-
Estoppel by convention
- see also “Contractual convention”; Reliance-based estoppels
- consensual not contractual 233, 240–241
- degree of certainty 233
- distinct from contractual estoppel 35, 219, 234, 236–242
- distinct from estoppel by representation 10, 233, 240
- elements 237–239
- “enlarges” contract 15
- entire agreement clause 159–160
- expectation-enforcing 214
- reverse 97, 158
- unconscionability as a requirement 239
- when concurrent with estoppel by representation 16, 18, 214, 220, 226
-
Estoppel by deedPage 261
-
Estoppel by representation
- see also Evidential estoppel; Reliance-based estoppels
- degree of certainty 232
- distinct from contractual estoppel 51, 234–236
- distinct from estoppel by convention 10, 233, 240
- elements 31, 40, 128, 235
- at law or in equity 235, 236
- reverse 158
- share certificate 3
- sub-species 235
- unconscionability 235
- when concurrent with estoppel by convention 16, 18, 214, 220, 226
- when subject to statutory controls 207–208, 210
- whether rule of evidence 12, 14, 22–23
- Estoppel by tenancy
- analogy with bailment 104
- contractual basis 103–104
- statutory tenancy 181–182
- Estoppel in pais
- Estoppel outcomes
- Evidential estoppel
-
Exclusion clause
- see also Basis clause; Non-reliance clause
- addressed to secondary not primary obligations 192
- assignment 110
- clear words 190–192
- consumer context 209–210
- distinct from basis clause 129–130, 196
- distinct from contractual estoppel 71–72, 109, 129–130, 192, 195
- freedom of contract 189–191
- negligence see Negligence liability
- “rewriting history” see “Rewriting history”
- Expert determination
- Fiduciary duties
- Form of variation clause
- Fraud
- Implied terms
- Insurance
- Knowledge
- Legal mortgage
- Limitation of action
- Mandatory regulation
- Misrepresentation
- Mistake
- Negligence liability
- Non-avoidance clause
-
Non-reliance clause
- application of “evidential estoppel” 25, 32
- bar to a claim in misrepresentation 74, 126, 135, 137, 169
- construction 69–70, 71
- contractual effect 127–130
- distinct from entire agreement clause 123–124, 126–128, 133–134, 136, 137
- meaning 125–126
- no bar to collateral warranty 124
- no bar to fraud 176
- no bar to implication of terms 150
- as part of composite clause 130–133
- purpose 112
- raises contractual estoppel 125–126, 129, 135, 137, 164
- scope 134
- statutory controls see Exclusion clause
-
“No oral modification” clause
- see Form of variation clause
- Parol evidence rule
- Promise by contract
- Promissory estoppel
- Proprietary estoppel
- Public policy
- Receipt clause
- Recitals
- Rectification
-
Reliance-based estoppels
- clear statement 229, 234, 255
- distinct from contractual estoppel 25, 39, 40, 50, 65, 104, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 230, 240
- distinct from estoppel by deed 251, 255, 256, 257
- expectations 224
- fairness 216
- knowledge of falsity 225, 228
- minimum necessary equity 226
- overlaps of species of estoppel 220
- public policy 183
- terminology 10
- unconscionability 18, 65, 183, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223, 255, 257
- Representation of fact
- Repudiation
- Rescission
- Restraint of trade
- Reverse estoppel
-
“Rewriting history”Page 264
- Sham
- “Signature rule”
- Specific performance
- Statutory prohibition