i-law

FIDIC Contracts in Asia Pacific - A Practical Guide to Application

Page 567

Index
  • Abrahamson Principles 12, 48–49
  • access to alienated land 449–450
  • addendum and amendment of contract 253–254
  • alternative dispute resolution see dispute resolution
  • amiable compositeur (natural justice) 396
  • anti-corruption laws 352
  • applicable law
    • governing law of the contract 22–23
    • impact of laws 33–34
    • intersection of local laws with governing law of the contract 23
    • laws applicable to arbitration of dispute 24
    • laws applicable to execution of construction project 23–24
    • laws with extra-territorial reach 23
    • mandatory law 20
    • non-mandatory law 20
    • Particular Conditions see Particular Conditions
    • Yellow Book 2017 provisions on 20–22 see also governing law of the contract
  • applicable legislation
  • approval procedures and information 226
  • arbitration
    • appeal to court does not mean that right to arbitration is lost 436
    • appeal to court may mean loss of right to arbitration 314
    • applicable law 24
    • Australia 105, 118
    • commencement or continuation under Covid-19 395
    • DAAB/DAB decisions 49–50
    • Fiji 177, 180
    • Hong Kong 206
    • India 229–230, 241–242
    • Japan 284, 314
    • Korea 326
    • Malaysia 362
    • Nepal 383, 395–396, 409–410
    • optional clauses 326
    • Pakistan 436
    • Papua New Guinea 452–453
    • Philippines 481–483
    • Sri Lanka 513
    • subject matter arbitrability 241–242
    • Vietnam 540 see also enforcement of foreign judgments see also UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985
  • Association Internationale des Tunnels et de L’Espace Souterrain see ITA-AITES
  • Australia
    • applicable legislation, summary of 124–134
    • common law system 105
    • constitutional structure 104–105
    • construction industry, overview of 106–107
    • construction industry regulatory framework 107–109
    • contract forms in common use 112

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      contract interpretation under local law and custom 135–139
    • court system 105–106
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 114–117
    • Covid-19 and government measures 114–115
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 117–118
    • Covid-19 employment measures 116–117
    • Covid-19 impacts in Victoria 115–116
    • Covid-19 travel restrictions 116
    • current challenges for construction industry 112–114
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 121–123
    • dispute resolution 112, 126, 133
    • entry into construction contract 124
    • fair and balanced contracts 44, 45
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 121
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 121
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 121
    • frustrated contracts 123
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 124–126
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 118–120
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 120–121
    • health and safety 110–111
    • innovation 111
    • insurance 111
    • labour relations 109–110
    • misleading or deceptive conduct 135–136
    • operation of contract 117–118, 127–132
    • proportionate liability 123, 136–139
    • public policy 119
    • public procurement 111
    • Queensland, building contracts 119–120
    • risk allocation 44, 45
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 134
    • security of payment 121–123
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 127–133
    • termination of construction contract 125, 133
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 105, 118
    • Victoria, Covid-19 impacts 115–116
  • bankruptcy
  • banks
    • multilateral development banks 16–17
    • performance bank guarantees 236
  • behaviour see conduct
  • best practice, promotion of 11–12
  • bids see tenders
  • BIMs see building information modelling systems
  • breach of contract
  • building controls
  • building information modelling systems (BIMs) 93
  • Bumiputra see Malaysia
  • China
    • applicable legislation, summary of 164–169
    • bidding documents and proposals, contract changes to 155–156
    • civil law system 143–144
    • commencement of full force and effect of contract 158–159
    • constitutional structure 142–143
    • construction industry, overview of 144–146
    • construction industry regulatory framework, enterprises 146–148
    • construction industry regulatory framework, individuals 146
    • construction industry regulatory framework, labour 148–149
    • Construction Law (2019 Amendment) 158–159
    • construction liens, and invalid contracts 161–162
    • construction liens, commencement date 160–161
    • construction liens, contracting out 163
    • construction liens, entitlement to 162–163
    • construction liens, exercise of 163
    • construction liens, profits covered by 160

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      construction liens, statutory provisions 159–160
    • construction liens, time to exercise 160
    • contract forms in common use 149
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 169–173
    • court system 144
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 150–151
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 151
    • defects notification periods 156–157
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 158–163
    • dispute resolution 150, 164, 169
    • entry into construction contract 164
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 172–173
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 155
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 155–158
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 158
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 164
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 152–154
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 154
    • health and safety 149
    • insurance 149
    • labour law 148–149
    • One Belt One Road 353, 416
    • operation of contract 151, 165–168
    • private sector procurement 149
    • project supervisor (Jian Li) 169–172
    • public and private procurement 149
    • public policy 152–153
    • Retention Money 156
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 169
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 165–168
    • termination of construction contract 164, 168
  • choice of law
    • generally 9–10
    • Particular Conditions 54–55 see also applicable law
  • civil law
    • China 143–144
    • differences to common law 5–6
    • freedom of contract 6–8
    • Indonesia 246
    • Japan 277
    • Korea 318
    • Philippines 463
    • public policy (ordre public) 7–8
    • Sri Lanka 507–508
    • system of 5
    • Vietnam 522–523
  • claims against the state 456
  • commencement of contract 158–159
  • commercial contracts and construction contracts distinguished 2–4
  • common law
  • completion of contract
    • adjustment of completion time 87–88
    • measurement of completion time 88–89
    • obligation to complete with a certain result versus obligation to apply the means 302
  • condition precedent for issuance of taking-over certificate for the Works or Sections 534–535
  • conduct
    • misleading or deceptive conduct 135–136, 215
    • reckless misconduct 335
  • consequential loss or damage see indirect or consequential loss or damage
  • constitutional structures
  • construction contracts
    • choice of law (proper law) 9–10
    • civil law 5–6
    • common law 4–5
    • contract law 6
    • definition 2
    • distinction from other commercial contracts 2–4
    • entry see entry into contract
    • freedom of contract 6–8
    • frustration see frustrated contracts
    • international construction contracts 10
    • legal systems 4–6
    • operation see operation of contract
    • overview 1–4
    • pacta sunt servanda 8–9
    • termination see termination of contracts
    • uniqueness 4, 45
    • Variations see Variations see also FIDIC contracts
  • construction industry overviews
  • construction industry regulatory frameworks
  • construction liens see China
  • contract agreements 532–533
  • Contract Data see Particular Conditions
  • contract forms in common use
  • contract interpretation under local law and custom
  • contract law 6
  • contract liquidation 537–538
  • Contractors
    • indemnities by 549–550
    • insurance to be provided by 541–542
    • obligations in EPC Silver Book 300–301
    • relevant experience 91
    • selection of 89–90 see also licensing of Contractors
  • Contractor’s Equipment, sale of

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    corruption see anti-corruption laws
  • costs, adjustments
  • court proceedings
    • appeal to court does not mean that right to arbitration is lost 436
    • appeal to court may mean loss of right to arbitration 314
    • commencement or continuation under Covid-19 395
    • court-based litigation 283
    • court-sponsored mediation 284
  • court systems
  • Covid-19
  • curial law (lex arbitrii) 24, 56, 235, 327
  • current challenges for construction industry
  • custom duties 400–402
  • customary law 507–508
  • DAAB see Dispute Avoidance and Adjudication Board
  • DAB see Dispute Adjudication Board
  • damage, indirect or consequential 335
  • damages
  • Data, Contract see Particular Conditions
  • deceptive conduct see conduct
  • defects
  • delayed payments, financing charges in 546–547
  • delays, damages/penalties for
  • design
    • clauses 301
    • underground Works 92–93
  • development aid see Japan International Cooperation Agency
  • development controls 210–211
  • direct progress payment claims by Subcontractor to Employer 329–330

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    Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)
  • dispute avoidance 102, 474, 511
  • Dispute Avoidance and Adjudication Board (DAAB)
    • arbitration 49–50
    • choice of governing law 56
    • Contracts with members of 3
    • failure to appoint members 22–23
    • Indonesia 257–258, 272
    • Japan 284, 294
    • Korea 327
    • role of 49–50, 51
    • underground works 95
  • Dispute Boards
  • dispute resolution
  • Dispute Resolution Committee (DRC) 391, 436
  • doctrine of separability 24, 480
  • effectiveness and effective date of contract
  • Emerald Book
    • comparative studies of 77
    • contribution to risk management 96
    • departures from General Conditions 84–85
    • drafting of 78
    • FIDIC involvement 77–78, 96
    • Golden Principles 19
    • history of 74
    • introduction to 72–74
    • ITA contractual framework checklist, approval of 76–77
    • ITA contractual framework checklist, description of 75–76
    • ITA/AITES involvement 74, 96
    • launch of 96
    • success of 96
    • use of 96
  • Employers
    • direct progress payment claims by Subcontractor to Employer 329–330
    • Particular Conditions as to preferences 63–66
    • requirements as to underground Works 90–91
    • sale of Contractor’s Equipment, surplus material, wreckage and Temporary Works 303–304, 426–427, 538–539
    • use of Contractor’s Goods after termination of contract 429
  • enforcement of foreign judgments
  • Engineers
    • agreements or determinations 94
    • dissatisfaction with determinations of 94
    • exercise of duties 504–505
    • instructions by 94
    • qualifications 94
    • representatives 94
    • role of 93, 334–335, 535–537
  • entry into contract
  • environmental controls
  • equipment
    • customs duties on 401
    • sale of 303–304, 426–427, 538–539
    • testing apparatus, equipment and instruments, calibration of 306
  • exceptional events (Force Majeure)
  • explosives, regulations on use 402–403
  • extension of time (EOT) clauses
  • extra-territoriality, applicable law and 23
  • fair and balanced contracts
    • Golden Principles 43, 44–46
  • fairness of transactions
  • FIDIC contracts
    • aims of book 37–38
    • contract agreement 18
    • Contract Data provisions 18
    • contract documents 17
    • General Conditions 18–19, 43, 45
    • JICA usage see Japan International Cooperation Agency
    • MDB usage 16–17
    • order of precedence of documents 17
    • overview 14–16
    • Particular Conditions see Particular Conditions
    • rainbow suite 15–16
    • recognition as FIDIC contract 43
    • Special Provisions 18
    • standard forms and editions 14–15
    • subcontracts 15
    • underground Works see Emerald Book
  • FIDIC General Conditions
  • FIDIC Golden Principles see Golden Principles
  • Fiji
    • applicable legislation, summary of 183–185
    • common law system 176–177
    • constitutional structure 176
    • construction industry, overview of 177–178
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 185–186
    • court system 177
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 178
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 179
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 182–183
    • dispute resolution 183, 184
    • entry into construction contract 183
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 181–182
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 182
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 182

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      governing law of the contract, constraints on 179–181
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 181
    • native land (iTaukei land) 182
    • operation of contract 179, 184
    • public policy 179–180, 182, 183
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 185
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 184
    • termination of construction contract 183, 184
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 177, 180
  • financial support under Covid-19
  • financing charges in delayed payments 546–547
  • Force Majeure see exceptional events
  • foreign Contractors
    • Malaysia 348
    • Nepal 389
    • temporary licensing 389
  • foreign exchange controls 450–451
  • foreign judgments see enforcement of foreign judgments
  • freedom of contract 6–8
  • frustrated contracts
  • Gam-Li see Korea
  • GBRs see Geotechnical Baseline Reports
  • GDRs see Geotechnical Data Reports
  • General Conditions see FIDIC General Conditions
  • Geotechnical Baseline Reports (GBRs) 85–87
  • Geotechnical Data Reports (GDRs) 86
  • Golden Principles (GPs)
    • consistency with 50–51
    • description of 46–47
    • fair and balanced contracts 43, 44–46
    • JICA, and 101
    • overview 19, 43
    • purpose of 51
    • reasons for 47–50
    • risk allocation 44
    • use of 51
  • good faith 313
  • governing law of the contract
  • government procurement see procurement
  • gross negligence
  • ground risks, allocation of 295–297
  • guarantees see performance bank guarantees
  • health and safety
  • Hong Kong
    • applicable legislation, summary of 212–215
    • building controls 208–210
    • common law system 189
    • constitutional structure 188–189
    • construction industry, overview of 191–192
    • construction industry regulatory framework 197–198
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 215–216
    • court system 190
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 200–204

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      Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 204–205
    • current challenges for construction industry 192–194, 199–200
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 207–212
    • development controls 210–211
    • dispute resolution 198–199, 213, 215
    • entry into construction contract 212
    • environmental controls 211
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 207
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 207
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 207
    • frustrated contracts 208
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 212–213
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 205–206
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 206
    • gross negligence 212
    • implied terms 216
    • innovation 193–194
    • insurance 212
    • labour relations 197–198
    • misleading or deceptive conduct 215
    • Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) 193–194
    • operation of contract 204–205, 213–214
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 207–212
    • proportionate liability 215–216
    • public policy 206
    • public procurement 194–197
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 215
    • security of payment 207–208
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 213–215
    • termination of construction contract 212
    • third party rights 208
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 206
  • implied terms
  • import licences 401
  • income tax 400, 402
  • indemnities by Contractors 549–550
  • India
    • applicable legislation, summary of 238–241
    • approval procedures and information 226
    • arbitration 229–230, 241–242
    • common law system 220
    • constitutional structure 219–220
    • construction industry, overview of 222–223, 230
    • construction industry regulatory framework 223–226
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 241–243
    • contract law 223
    • court system 221–222
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 230–231
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 231–233
    • curial law 235
    • current challenges for construction industry 227–228
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 236–238
    • Dispute Boards 228–229
    • dispute resolution 227–228, 239, 241
    • enforcement of foreign judgments 242
    • entry into contract 239
    • environmental controls 225
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 236
    • extension-of-time clauses 236–237
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 235
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 238–239
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 233–235
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 235
    • government initiatives 226–227
    • insurance 225
    • labour laws 224
    • limitation periods 225, 237–238
    • necessary Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 236
    • no objection certificates (NOCs) 225–226
    • operation of contract 231–233, 239–240
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 236–238
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 236
    • performance bank guarantees 236
    • public policy 234

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      Public Private Partnership (PPP) 223
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 241
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 239–241
    • subject matter arbitrability 241–242
    • suspension clauses 237
    • taxation 224
    • termination of contract 238, 239, 241
    • third party claims 242–243
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 229
    • Variations to scope of work 237
  • indigenous rights see native land
  • indirect or consequential loss or damage 335
  • Indonesia
    • addendum and amendment of contract 253–254
    • applicable legislation, summary of 270–273
    • civil law system 246
    • constitutional structure 245–246
    • construction industry, overview of 247–248
    • construction industry regulatory framework 247–248
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 273–274
    • cost changes, adjustments for 265–266
    • court system 246–247
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 248–249
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 249–250
    • DAAB/DAB 257–258, 272
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 258–266
    • dispute resolution 268–269, 270, 271
    • enforcement of foreign judgments 269
    • entry into contract 266–268, 270
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 253–254
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 256–257
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 257–258
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 266–269
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 250–251
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 251–253
    • Islamic law 246
    • labour laws 260–261
    • local labour, priority of 260–261
    • local Plant and Materials (local content), priority of 261–262
    • operation of contract 249–250, 270, 270–271
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 258–266
    • public procurement 258, 262–266
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 272–273
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 270–272
    • Subcontractors 259–260
    • termination of contract 254–256, 268, 270, 271
    • time bars 273, 274
    • unit price contracts, evaluation of 262–263
    • Variations 263–265
  • innovation
  • insolvency
  • insurance
  • international construction contracts 10
  • international conventions and agreements, country accessions to 34–37
  • International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association see ITA-AITES
  • interpretation see contract interpretation under local law and custom
  • ipso facto termination clauses 325–326

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    Islamic law
  • ITA-AITES
    • contractual framework checklist, approval of 76–77
    • contractual framework checklist, description of 75–76
    • Emerald Book, drafting of 74
  • Japan
    • appeal to court may mean loss of right to arbitration 314
    • applicable legislation, summary of 304–312
    • arbitration 284
    • bankruptcy 306–307
    • calibration of testing apparatus, equipment and instruments 306
    • civil law system 277
    • constitutional structure 277
    • Construction Dispute Adjudication Boards (Kensetsu-Funso-Shinsa-Kai) (KFSKs) 284
    • construction industry, overview of 278
    • construction industry regulatory framework 278–279
    • contract forms in common use 281–283
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 312–314
    • Contractors’ obligations in EPC Silver Book 300–301
    • court system 277–278
    • court-based litigation 283
    • court-sponsored mediation 284
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 285–287
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 287
    • Covid-19 travel restrictions 286–287
    • current challenges for construction industry 285
    • DAAB/DAB 284, 294
    • defect liability 292
    • delays, damages/penalties for 314
    • designs, clauses as to 301
    • desirable Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 295–304
    • dispute resolution 283–284, 305, 312
    • Employers’ duty to pay for contract changes 299–300
    • Employer’s sale of Contractor’s Equipment, surplus material, wreckage and Temporary Works 303–304
    • entry into contract 304–305
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 302–303
    • extension of time (EOT) clauses 297–298
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 290–292
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 292–294
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 294
    • financial support under Covid-19 287
    • good faith 313
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 304–305
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 288–289
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 289–290
    • ground risks, allocation of 295–297
    • health and safety 280
    • health and safety measures under Covid-19 286
    • implied terms 313–314
    • innovation 280
    • insolvency 306–307
    • insurance 281
    • interpretation of contract terms 312–313
    • JICA see Japan International Cooperation Agency
    • labour law changes under Covid-19 287
    • labour laws 280, 292–293
    • licensing of Contractors 278–280
    • limitation of liability 308
    • limitation periods 290–292
    • liquidation 306–307
    • lump sum contracts 301
    • misrepresentation 308
    • non-conformance liability under Civil Code 292
    • obligation to complete with a certain result versus obligation to apply the means 302
    • operation of contract 308–311
    • ownership of Plant and Materials 303
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 295–304
    • permissions, acquiring of 304
    • procurement, private 280–281, 282–283

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      procurement, public 281, 281–282
    • prohibition on construction under Covid-19 285
    • public policy 277, 314
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 312
    • set-off rights 307
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 306–308
    • statute of limitations (shometsu-jiko) 290–291
    • Subcontractors 293–294
    • termination of contract 305, 307, 311
    • time bars 284
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 284
    • unique features of Japanese construction industry 284–285
    • valuation of Variations 299
    • Variations 298–299
    • working on construction sites under Covid-19 285–286
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
    • development objectives 97–98
    • Dispute Boards, promotion of 102
    • Dispute Boards, use of 101–102
    • documents, availability of 102
    • experience of contract management and project implementation 102
    • fair and balanced risk allocation 100–101
    • FIDIC contracts usage 17, 100–101
    • FIDIC Golden Principles, and 101
    • procurement guidelines 99, 101
    • role in infrastructure development worldwide 98–99
    • standard bidding documents 99–100
  • Jian Li see China
  • JICA see Japan International Cooperation Agency
  • Korea
    • Act on the Regulation of Terms and Conditions (ARTC) 330–331
    • applicable legislation, summary of 331–334
    • civil law system 318
    • constitutional structure 317–318
    • construction industry, overview of 319–320
    • construction industry regulatory framework 319–320
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 334–335
    • contract law 318–319
    • court system 318
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 320–321
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 321–322
    • curial law 327
    • DAAB/DAB 327
    • deduction of liquidated damages 330
    • desirable/necessary Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 327–331
    • direct progress payment claims by Subcontractor to Employer 329–330
    • dispute resolution 332, 334
    • Employer’s liability for payments to Contractor’s personnel 323–324
    • Engineer, role of 334–335
    • entry into contract 331
    • environmental controls 320
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 323–325
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 325–326
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 326–327
    • Gam-Li 334–335
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 331–332
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 322–323
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 323
    • government procurement 320
    • health and safety 320
    • indirect or consequential loss or damage 335
    • ipso facto termination clauses 325–326
    • labour laws 320
    • multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses 327
    • operation of contract 332–333
    • optional arbitration clauses 326
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 327–331
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 323–327
    • reckless misconduct 335
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 334
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 332–334
    • subcontracting entire Works to Subcontractor 324–325
    • termination of contract 331, 333
    • termination of contract after completion 324

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      third-party supervisor (Gam-Li) 334–335
    • transfers of title 328
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 326
    • unfair contract terms 327–328
  • labour laws
  • legal systems see civil lawsee common law
  • legislation see applicable legislation
  • lex arbitrii (curial law) 24, 56, 235, 327
  • lex constructionis
    • concept 10–11
    • principles of 12–14
    • promotion of best practice for successful projects 11–12
  • liability
    • defects 292
    • Employer’s liability for payments to Contractor’s personnel 323–324
    • joint and several liability of partnerships 432
    • non-conformance liability 292 see also limitation periods see also proportionate liability
  • licensing of Contractors
  • licensing of professionals
  • liens see China
  • limitation of liability 308
  • limitation periods
  • liquidated damages
    • Korea 330
    • Malaysia 364–365
    • moratorium on calculation under Covid-19 396
    • Nepal 396
    • Papua New Guinea 459–460
    • Philippines 483
  • liquidation 306–307
  • local labour see labour laws
  • local law and custom
    • contract interpretation see contract interpretation under local law and custom
    • intersection with governing law of the contract 23
  • local Plant and Materials (local content), priority of 261–262
  • loss, indirect or consequential 335
  • lump sum contracts 301
  • Malaysia
    • anti-corruption laws 352
    • applicable legislation, summary of 370–375
    • building regulations 375
    • Bumiputras (Native Malays) 369
    • common law system 339–340
    • constitutional structure 338–339
    • construction industry, overview of 340–343
    • construction industry recent developments 343–345
    • contract forms in common use 358–359
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 375–377
    • court system 340
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 354–359
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 360–361
    • current challenges for construction industry 353–354
    • damages for breach of contract, assessment of 375–376
    • defects 368
    • desirable/necessary Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 363–370
    • dispute resolution 352–353, 371, 374
    • entry into contract 370
    • environmental controls 345

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      FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 364
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 364
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 364
    • foreign Contractors 348
    • frustrated contracts 367–368
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 370–371
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 361–362
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 362–363
    • gross negligence 370
    • health and safety 344, 349, 354, 357, 373
    • implied terms 376–377
    • innovation 344–345
    • insurance 351–352, 369–370
    • Islamic law 339–340
    • labour laws 349–351
    • liquidated damages 364–365
    • local labour, priority of 368–369
    • mandatory insurance 369–370
    • misleading or deceptive conduct 376
    • operation of contract 360–361, 371–374
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 364–370
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 363–364
    • planning regulations 375
    • proportionate liability 376
    • public policy 362
    • public procurement 346–348
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 375
    • security of payment 365–367
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 371–374
    • termination of contract 371, 374
    • third parties 368
    • time bars 368
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 362
  • mandatory law 8, 20, 23, 33, 43, 45, 53–54, 57
  • Materials
    • customs duties 401
    • local Plant and Materials (local content), priority of 261–262
    • ownership of 303, 539
    • surplus Materials, sale of 303–304, 426–427, 538–539
  • MDBs see multilateral development banks
  • MiC see Modular Integrated Construction
  • misleading or deceptive conduct
  • misrepresentation
  • Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) 193–194
  • multilateral development banks (MDBs), FIDIC contracts usage 16–17
  • multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses 327
  • native land
  • natural justice (amiable compositeur) 396
  • negligence see gross negligence
  • Nepal
    • amiable compositeur (natural justice) 396
    • applicable legislation, summary of 403–409
    • arbitration 409–410
    • bankruptcy under Covid-19 396
    • breach of contract, Covid-19 as defence 395
    • commencement or continuation of court or arbitration proceedings under Covid-19 395
    • common law system 382–383
    • company law under Covid-19 396
    • constitutional structure 380–382
    • construction industry, overview of 386–387
    • construction industry regulatory framework 387–389
    • consumable items, customs duties on 401
    • contract forms in common use 390–391
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 409–410
    • court system 384–386
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 393–395
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 395–396
    • current challenges for construction industry 391–393
    • custom duties 400, 400–402
    • desirable/necessary Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 399–403
    • dispute resolution 391, 404–405, 408–409
    • dispute resolution under Covid-19 396
    • District Courts 385
    • entry into contract 403

    • Page 581

      equipment, customs duties on 401
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 395
    • explosives, regulations on use of 402–403
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 399
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 399
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 399–400
    • financial support under Covid-19 395
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 403–405
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 396–397
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 397–399
    • health and safety 389
    • health and safety measures under Covid-19 394
    • High Courts 385
    • import licences 401
    • income tax 400, 402
    • innovation 389–390
    • insolvency under Covid-19 396
    • insurance 390
    • labour law changes under Covid-19 395
    • labour laws 389
    • licensing 387–389
    • licensing of Contractors 387–389
    • liquidated damages, moratorium on calculation under Covid-19 396
    • Materials, customs duties on 401
    • natural justice (amiable compositeur) 396
    • operation of contract 395–396, 405–407
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 400–403
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 399–400
    • Plant, customs duties on 401
    • prohibition on construction under Covid-19 393–394
    • public and private procurement 390
    • Public Private Partnership (PPP) 393
    • re-exportable items, customs duties on 401
    • royalties for extraction of aggregates, etc. from river bed 402
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 408–409
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 405–408
    • specialised courts 386
    • Supreme Court 384–385
    • taxation 400–402
    • temporary licences for foreign construction companies 389
    • termination of contract 403–404, 407
    • time bars 395
    • travel restrictions under Covid-19 394
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 383, 396
    • unique features of Nepalese construction industry 393
    • working on construction sites under Covid-19 394
  • New York Convention, country accessions to 34–36
  • no objection certificates (NOCs) 225–226
  • notices of claim 538
  • One Belt One Road see China
  • operation of contract
  • optional arbitration clauses 326
  • overseas development aid (ODA) see Japan International Cooperation Agency
  • pacta sunt servanda 8–9
  • Pakistan
    • alternative dispute resolution 436–437
    • appeal to court does not mean that right to arbitration is lost 436
    • applicable legislation, summary of 429–431
    • common law system 413–414
    • constitutional structure 412–413
    • construction industry, overview of 415–417
    • construction industry regulatory framework 417–419, 420
    • contract forms in common use 419–420
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 431–437

    • Page 582

      court system 414–415
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 422–423
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 423
    • current challenges for construction industry 422
    • delays, damages/penalties for 433–434
    • desirable/necessary Special Provisions in the Particular Conditions 426–429
    • dispute resolution 421–422, 430, 431
    • Employer’s sale of Contractor’s Equipment, surplus material, wreckage and Temporary Works 426–427
    • Employer’s use of Contractor’s Goods after termination of contract 429
    • entry into contract 429
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 434–435
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 426–428
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 428
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 428
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 429–430
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 423–425
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 425–426
    • government procurement 417–418
    • health and safety 421
    • innovation 421
    • insurance 421
    • Islamic law 414
    • joint and several liability of partnerships 432
    • labour laws 421
    • licensing of Contractors 417–419
    • limitation periods 431–432
    • misrepresentation 435
    • operation of contract 430–431
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 429
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 426–428
    • public policy 424
    • Public Private Partnership (PPP) 416, 425
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 431
    • set-off rights 427–428
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 430–431
    • termination of contract 430, 431
    • time bars 432
  • Papua New Guinea
    • access to alienated land 449–450
    • applicable legislation, summary of 454–455
    • arbitration 452–453
    • breach of contract 456
    • claims against the state 456
    • common law system 441–443
    • constitutional structure 440–441
    • construction industry, overview of 443–444
    • construction industry regulatory framework 444–445
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 455–460
    • court system 443
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 445–447
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 447
    • delays, damages/penalties for 459–460
    • dispute resolution 454, 455
    • entry into contract 454
    • environmental controls 450
    • extension of time (EOT) clauses 457–458
    • fairness of transactions 455–456
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 448
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 448
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 449
    • foreign exchange controls 450–451
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 454
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 447
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 447–448
    • government procurement 444–445
    • health and safety 452
    • insurance 450
    • labour laws 445
    • limitation periods 457
    • liquidated damages 459–460
    • native land 449–450
    • operation of contract 454–455
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 449–453
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 448–449

    • Page 583

      prevention principle 458–459
    • proportionate liability 456
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 455
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 454–455
    • stamp duty 449
    • tax clearance for remittance of funds offshore 451–452
    • termination of contract 454, 455
    • time bars 457
  • Particular Conditions
    • agreement to arbitrate, governing law as to 56–57
    • choice of law 55–56
    • Contract Data 68–70
    • format of 66–67
    • General Conditions and 43
    • governing law of the contract 54–55
    • Part A - Contract Data 18, 52–53
    • Part B - Special Provisions 18, 53–54
    • preparation of 59–60
    • priority over General Conditions 500
    • reasons for 45
    • Special Provisions for consistency with applicable law 57–59, 61
    • Special Provisions for consistency with governing law of the contract 60
    • Special Provisions for Employer’s preferences 63–66
    • Special Provisions for project requirements 62–63
  • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in
  • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in
  • partnerships, joint and several liability 432
  • payments
    • direct progress payment claims by Subcontractor to Employer 329–330
    • Employer’s liability for payments to Contractor’s personnel 323–324
    • security of see security of payment
  • performance bank guarantees 236
  • performance security 533–534
  • permissions, acquiring of 304
  • Philippines
    • applicable legislation, summary of 484–488
    • arbitration 481–483
    • civil law system 463
    • common law system 463
    • constitutional structure 462–463
    • construction industry, overview of 464–466
    • construction industry regulatory framework 466–468
    • contract forms in common use 471–472
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 488–489
    • court system 463–464
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 474–478
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 478–479
    • current challenges for construction industry 478
    • delays, damages/penalties for 483
    • Dispute Boards 473–474
    • dispute resolution 472–474, 484–485, 487
    • entry into contract 484
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 483
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 481

    • Page 584

      FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 481
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 481–483
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 484–485
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 479–480
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 480–481
    • health and safety 469, 486
    • innovation 469
    • insurance 470–471
    • Islamic law 463
    • labour laws 469
    • licensing of Contractors 466–468
    • licensing of professionals 468
    • liquidated damages 483
    • operation of contract 485–486
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 483
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 481–483
    • public and private procurement 469–470
    • public policy 479–480
    • Public Private Partnership (PPP) 470
    • seat of arbitration 481–483
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 488
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 485–486
    • termination of contract 484, 487
  • planning regulations 375
  • Plant
    • Contractor’s Equipment, sale of 303–304, 426–427, 538–539
    • customs duties 401
    • local Plant and Materials (local content), priority of 261–262
    • ownership of 303, 539
  • PPP see Public Private Partnership
  • prevention principle 458–459
  • price see costs
  • procurement, private
  • procurement, public
  • professionals see licensing of professionals
  • project requirements, Particular Conditions 62–63
  • project supervisor (Jian Li) see China
  • proper law see choice of law
  • proportionate liability
  • public policy (ordre public)
  • Public Private Partnership (PPP)
  • public procurement see procurement, public
  • qualifications, Engineers’ 94
  • rainbow suite 15–16
  • rebus sic stantibus 12, 322
  • reckless misconduct 335
  • Red Book 2017, order of precedence of documents 17
  • Retention Money 156
  • risk
  • royalties 402
  • safety see health and safety
  • scope of work, variation of see Variations
  • security of payment
  • separability see doctrine of separability
  • set-off rights
  • Silver Book 2017
    • Contractors’ obligations 300–301
    • order of precedence of documents 17
  • Singapore
    • applicable legislation, summary of 501–504
    • common law system 491
    • constitutional structure 491
    • construction industry, overview of 492–494
    • contract forms in common use 493
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 504–505
    • court system 492
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 494–495
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 30, 495–497
    • dispute resolution 493–494, 502, 503
    • entry into contract 501
    • exercise of Engineer’s duties 504–505
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 497
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 497
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 497
    • frustrated contracts 500–501
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 501–502
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 497
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 497
    • gross negligence 501
    • operation of contract 30, 502–503
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 498–501
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 497
    • priority of specially drafted terms over General Conditions 500
    • public policy 497
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 504
    • security of payment 498–500
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 502–503
    • termination of contract 501, 503
    • third parties 501
  • Special Provisions see Particular Conditions
  • Sri Lanka
    • applicable legislation, summary of 516–520
    • civil law system 507–508
    • common law system 507–508
    • constitutional structure 507
    • construction industry associations 510–512
    • Construction Industry Development Authority 509–510
    • construction industry, overview of 509–512
    • contract forms in common use 512
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 520
    • court system 508
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 512
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 513
    • customary law 507–508
    • DAB 512
    • dispute resolution 512, 517, 519
    • entry into contract 516
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 514
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 514
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 514
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 516–517
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 513–514
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 514
    • health and safety 511
    • innovation 512
    • insurance 511–512
    • Islamic law 507–508

    • Page 586

      labour laws 511
    • operation of contract 517–519
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 515–516
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 514
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 520
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 517–519
    • termination of contract 516, 519
    • UNCITRAL Model Law 513
  • stamp duty 449
  • statute of limitations see limitation periods
  • Subcontractors
    • direct progress payment claims by Subcontractor to Employer 329–330
    • Indonesia 259–260
    • Japan 293–294
    • Korea 324–325, 329–330
    • subcontracting entire Works to Subcontractor 324–325
  • subject matter arbitrability 241–242
  • subsurface Works see underground works
  • surplus Materials, sale of
  • suspension clauses 237
  • taxation
  • Temporary Works, sale of
  • tenders
    • bidding documents and proposals, contract changes to 155–156
    • JICA standard documents 99–100
    • underground Works see underground works
  • termination of contract
  • testing apparatus, equipment and instruments, calibration of 306
  • third parties
  • time
  • transfers of title 328
  • UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985 (UNCITRAL Model Law)
  • underground works
    • building information modelling systems 93
    • commercial risks 82
    • completion time, adjustment of 87–88
    • completion time, measurement of 88–89
    • consideration of risks 83
    • construction risks 82–83
    • contract price adjustments 89
    • Contractors, relevant experience 91
    • Contractors, selection of 89–90
    • Contractor’s remuneration for time-related charges, adjustment of 89
    • contractual framework checklist 75–77
    • departures from Emerald Book General Conditions 84–85
    • design 92–93
    • dispute resolution 94–95
    • Employer’s requirements 90–91
    • Engineer’s agreement or determination 94
    • Engineer’s determination, dissatisfaction with 94
    • Engineer’s instructions 94
    • Engineer’s qualifications 94
    • Engineer’s representative 94
    • Engineer’s role 93
    • Geotechnical Baseline Reports 85–87
    • Geotechnical Data Reports 86
    • need for specialist contract 79
    • physical risks 79–81
    • risk allocation 84–89
    • safety of workforce 91–92
    • tender documents, preparation of 89–90
    • tenders, preparation of 91
    • time-related charges, adjustment of Contractor’s remuneration 89
    • unexpected subsurface conditions risks 85
    • unexpected subsurface conditions, risks of 83–84 see also Emerald Book
  • unfair contract terms 327–328
  • unit price contracts, evaluation of 262–263
  • Variations
    • Employers’ duty to pay for changes 299–300
    • India 237
    • Indonesia 263–265
    • Japan 298–299
    • valuation of Variations 299
  • Vietnam
    • applicable legislation, summary of 542–545
    • arbitration 540
    • breach of contract, damages for 540–541
    • civil law system 522–523
    • condition precedent for issuance of taking-over certificate for the Works or Sections 534–535
    • constitutional structure 522
    • construction industry, overview of 523–524
    • contract agreements 532–533
    • contract forms in common use 524–525
    • contract interpretation under local law and custom 545–550
    • contract liquidation 537–538
    • court system 523
    • Covid-19 and execution of construction projects 527–529
    • Covid-19 and operation of construction contracts 529–531
    • DAAB 539–540
    • delays, damages/penalties for 535, 545–546
    • Dispute Boards 539–540
    • dispute resolution 542–543, 545
    • effectiveness and effective date of contract 541
    • Employer’s sale of Contractor’s Equipment, surplus material, wreckage and Temporary Works 538–539
    • Engineer’s role 535–537
    • entry into contract 542
    • exceptional events (Force Majeure) 547–548
    • FIDIC General Conditions and governing law of the contract 533–538
    • FIDIC General Conditions and law of Site/Country 538–539
    • FIDIC General Conditions and relevant laws on dispute determination 539–540
    • financial support under Covid-19 528–529
    • financing charges in delayed payments 546–547
    • governing law of the contract, applicable legislation 542–543
    • governing law of the contract, constraints on 531–532
    • governing law of the contract, formal requirements of 532
    • health and safety measures under Covid-19 528
    • indemnities by Contractors 549–550
    • innovation 526
    • insurance to be provided by Contractor 541–542

    • Page 588

      licensing of Contractors 525–526
    • licensing of professionals 525–526
    • notices of claim 538
    • operation of contract 543–544
    • ownership of Plant and Materials 539
    • Particular Conditions, desirable Special Provisions in 540–542
    • Particular Conditions, necessary Special Provisions in 533–540
    • performance security 533–534
    • prohibition on construction under Covid-19 528
    • Public Private Partnership (PPP) 531
    • roles and obligations of Parties to Contract 525–526
    • seat of dispute determination is within jurisdiction 545
    • Site/Country is within jurisdiction 543–545
    • termination of contract 542, 544
    • travel restrictions under Covid-19 527
  • worker and workplace safety see health and safety
  • wreckage, sale of
  • WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, country accessions to 34–37
  • Yellow Book 2017
    • applicable law 20–22
    • Contract Data 68–70
    • order of precedence of documents 17

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