Marine Insurance Law
Page 535
Index
- abandonment
- ‘absolute assignment’ 27, 28
- ‘absolute total loss’ 310
- acceptance of abandonment 334–6
- accidents 17, 20, 113, 206, 381, 467, 473
- account adjustment between broker and insurer 201–3
- actual loss 172, 177, 277, 294, 318, 339, 359, 406 see also actual total loss (ATL); constructive total loss; total loss
- actual total loss (ATL) 296–8
see also actual loss; constructive total loss (CTL); total loss
- assured irretrievably deprived of insured subject matter 283–9
- capture 283–4
- constituted 294
- and crew 285, 286, 289
- destruction of subject matter 277–9
- forms of loss in marine insurance 277
- of freight 289–4
- indemnity 294–5
- insurable value 295–6
- irretrievable deprivation 283–4
- pure economic loss versus physical damage 296–8
- subject matter so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured 279–82
- time when actual loss must be constituted 294–6
- actual value 89, 107, 109, 130, 321
- adjusted premium clauses 188
- admiralty court 288, 289
- affirmation, waiver by 131–5
- agents
- aground, running 52, 207, 218, 338
- all risks insurance 267–71
- apportionment principle, sue and labour clauses 369–70
- arbitrage 472
- arbitration clauses 400–1
- arson 262
see also fire
- ‘as interest might appear thereafter’ 72
- assignment 21–7
- ‘at and from’
- ‘Automatic Termination’ clause 187
- back-to-back cover (reinsurance) 472–8
- bailee 65
- banks 141, 142, 159, 213, 359
- barratry 265–7
- basis of the contract clauses 172–7
- bills of lading 19, 61, 73, 297
- binding contract, when concluded 36–8
- ‘blind eye' knowledge/ ‘turning a blind eye’ 82, 143, 158, 159
- boilers, bursting of 253
- bona fide settlements, reinsurance 482–3
- bordereaux (memoranda) 19, 466
- ‘Both to Blame Collision Clause’ 270–1
- bottomry 2
- breach of contract 13, 143, 415, 446
- brokers
- account adjustment between broker and insurer 201–3
- cancellation clause 190
- claims procedure 455–6
- commission 462–4
- contributory negligence see contributory negligence
- dual agency 188
- duty of disclosure 444–6
- lien ‘brokers' lien
- material facts, duty not to misrepresent 444–6
- placement, duties on 438–51
- placing brokers pre–contractual duties 438–51
- post-contractual duties 451–6
- producing see producing brokers
- reasonable skill and care, duty to act with 438–9
- renewal, duties applying on 443–4
- as servants of the market 436–7
- and underwriters 33, 36, 203, 456–7
- ‘brokers' lien 190–6 see also equitable lien
- ‘bubbles'/Bubble Act 5, 7, 9
- burden of proof
- business interruption losses 218
- ‘but for' test 213, 235 see also causation and marine perils; duty of good faith; inducement
- capture
- cargo 2, 3, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 56, 61, 70, 73, 165, 167, 170, 171, 199
- Cargo Clauses 4, 12, 165, 270, 373 see also Institute Cargo Clauses (A, B and C)
- cargo risks 267–71
- ‘casualties of the seas’ 226, 262
- causation and marine perils 267–71
see also accidents; casualties; insured perils
- burden of proof 219–23
- casualties 23, 68, 207, 225–7, 229, 234, 235, 237, 240, 241, 243, 258, 262, 269, 273, 339, 352
- causa proximo (proximate cause) 205–6
- chain of causation 164, 217, 238, 239, 372, 460, 472
- common-sense standard 208–9
- concurrent causes 209–12
- and crew 207, 217, 220, 221, 248–9, 265–7
- independent concurrent causes 212–13
- proximate cause 205–8
- test of causation 214
- unless otherwise agreed 214–16
- chain of causation 164, 217, 238, 239, 372 see also causation and marine perils
- charterers 74, 86n, 93, 99, 122, 253, 258, 292, 370
- ‘circuity of action' doctrine 421
- Civil Procedure Rules 141
- claims, insurer's right to defend 27
- claims control clauses (reinsurance) 486
- claims co-operation clauses (reinsurance) 486
- claims procedure 455–6
- clothing 13, 313
- coal 148, 230, 241, 262, 295, 305
- co-assured, subrogation action against 416–27
- coffee 56, 293
- collision liability, Collision Liability Clause 259
- collisions
- commission, brokers 462–4
- common law 10, 22, 392, 405, 457, 458
- common sense 55, 85, 93, 97, 124, 175, 208–9
- communications 167, 168, 309, 359
- compliance, warranties 163–4
- composite insurance 233
- concurrent causes, marine perils 209–12
- condition precedent creation 487–9
- conflicts of law rules 477
- consideration, total failure of 196–7
- construction contracts 64, 71n
- construction of claims provisions 342
- constructive total loss, casualties 318, 320, 321, 322, 324
- constructive total loss (CTL) see also actual loss; actual total loss (ATL)
- abandonment on account of ATL appearing unavoidable 302
- common law 303, 312, 323, 326
- cost of repairing damage exceeding value of ship when repaired 319–25
- and crew 302, 312, 316, 318, 319
- date of assessment 326–7
- definition 300
- deprivation of possession of ship or goods 312–16
- form of notice and acceptance of abandonment 330–1
- of freight 337–8
- of goods 325–6
- notice of abandonment 316–19
- recovery unlikely 313
- subject matter insured reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appeared to be unavoidable 302
- successive total losses 309
- of voyage 303–8
- consumer insurance 79, 172, 197, 394 see also non-consumer (business) insurance
- contingent conditions 46
- contingent interest 61
- Contract Certainty Code of Practice (CCCP, 2007-) 36
- contract law, principles, mitigation of loss 354
- contract of carriage 8, 74, 270–1, 341
- contract of delegation 34
- contract of indemnity 317, 318, 342, 374
- contract price 66, 354
- contracting out
- contractors 64, 65, 83, 94, 113, 228, 359, 382
- negligence of 382
- contributory negligence
- Corporation of Lloyd's 33 see also Lloyd's
- crew 56, 105, 147, 148
- actual total loss 285–7, 289
- barratry 265–7
- and brokers 439, 442, 443
- causation and marine perils 207, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225, 234–7
- constructive total loss 302, 312, 316, 318, 319, 329, 336, 345
- ‘crewed’ 147, 150
- negligence of 231, 234, 249
- partial loss 341, 345
- protection and indemnity (P&I) clubs 7–8
- sue and labour clauses 364, 367, 370, 371, 372
- and warranties 147, 148, 150–2, 154, 155, 158–60
- cricket 95, 101, 128
- criminal/civil charges pending, moral hazard 100–1, 103–4
- criminal records 100, 103, 105
- cross-liabilities 261
- CTL see constructive total loss (CTL)
- currency
- custom 9, 38, 42, 96n, 105
- customs/customs authorities 9, 313, 334
- damage
- damages 21, 103, 121, 128, 136, 142
- deaths/loss of life 8, 259
- debt 20, 25, 27, 188, 398
- debtors 28, 179, 202
- decisive influence test 85–6
- deductibles, reinsurance 475–6
- defeasible interest 73
- delay 250–2
- delegation, contract of 34
- demise charter 195, 417, 423, 424
- demurrage 93, 98 see also freight, demurrage and defence (FD & D)
- depreciation 116, 268, 320, 321, 344
- deprivation of possession of ship or goods 312–16
- ‘derelict’ 302
- designated loss payees 22–3
- design defects 154, 229
- destruction of subject matter 277–9
- deviation 147, 169–71, 174, 266
- ‘direct insurance’ 467, 470, 472–3, 485
- disclosure, duty of see duty of disclosure; facts not needing disclosure
- ‘discoverability test’ 438
- dishonesty
- documentation/insurance documentation 34, 439, 460
- double insurance 114, 433
- double recovery 397, 399
- dredgers/dredging 255, 359–66
- drydocking 345, 439
- due diligence, insured perils 258
- duty of disclosure
- duty of good faith
- breach, waiver of remedy for 131–6
- burden of proof 84
- common law 378
- conclusions 134
- disclosure of material facts 468
- duration 137–41
- fraudulent claims, link with 390–1
- inducement 87–97
- of insurers 141–3
- materiality/material facts 58–7
- misrepresentation 82–4
- obligations in subrogation 410–16
- post-contractual 110–13
- remedy for breach 86, 127–9, 131–6
- utmost good faith, duty in reinsurance 468–9
- ejusdem generis (of same kind) rule 224
- electronic mail, agreement reached via 39–40
- endorsement slip 34
- energy risks open cover (77 cover) 471
- equitable 166
- equitable lien 335, 336, 399–400
- equity, assignment in 28–9
- excess of loss treaty 47, 466
- expectation interest 71–2
- expense(s) 62, 165, 200, 206
- experts 84, 109, 116, 451
- expert witnesses 100
- explosions, insured perils 223–6
- express waiver 118–20, 164, 406–7
- express warranty 148–9, 473
- facts not needing disclosure see also duty of disclosure
- facultative cover 21
- facultative obligatory cover 21
- faute lourde (gross negligence) 259, 387
- Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) 36n18
- fire, insured perils 226, 239
- fish/fishing 151, 164, 220, 261
- floating policies 18–20
- floods 175, 374, 375, 474
- following underwriters 43, 44, 45–51, 96–7
- ‘follow-the-settlements' clauses (US contracts) 481 see also reinsurance
- formal policies 42
- fortuity 226–7
- and duress 227
- fraud
- fraudulent claims
- fraudulent means and devices 378, 380–7
- free from particular average’ 10
- free of particular average (fpa) 277
- ‘free use and disposal' (ship and goods) 312, 315, 317
- freight
- freight, demurrage and defence (FD & D) 8
- fronting 466
- fruit 10, 195
- fuel 154, 156, 217
- full disclosure 89, 91–3
- future claims 23–4
- general average 321, 323, 345
- general average contributions 292, 301, 321, 323, 349, 434
- general average loss 292, 341, 349
- general average sacrifice 278, 321, 371
- general lien 194–6
- General Underwriters Agreement (GUA) 46–8
- gifts (voluntary payments) 409–10
- gloves (leather) 241
- gold bullion 169
- good faith see duty of good faith
- goods
- ‘goods in trust’ 71
- gross negligence 259, 387
- ‘gross proceeds’ 343
- ‘gross value’ 343
- group insurance, remedies for fraudulent claims 393–4
- guards 114
- night watchman 264
- Hampshire Land principle 81, 116n
- ‘held covered' clauses, warranties 169–72
- hemp 343, 345
- hides 19, 293, 309–10
- hold harmless warranty 168
- hull and cargo clauses, insured perils under 223
- hull and machinery insurance 12, 14, 24, 162, 171, 200, 253, 271, 302, 321, 324, 345, 362, 415
- hull and machinery port risks 380
- ‘hull open cover’ 21
- hurricanes 230, 352, 462, 476
- illegality, effect 365–6
- implied terms reinsurance 471–2
- implied waiver 121–4
- implied warranty 127–8, 154, 157, 160, 237, 242, 257
- ‘in account' basis 203
- Inchmaree clause 252–3
see also hull and cargo clauses
- ‘increased risk policy’ 411
- increased risk test 86–7
- increased value policy (subrogation) 433–4
- indemnity see also professional indemnity insurance; protection and indemnity (P&I) clubs
- indemnity, contract of see contract of indemnity
- inducement 87–97
- inherent vice 240–52
- injuries see personal injury
- innocent misrepresentation 82
- innominate term 189, 486
- insolvency 126, 127, 358, 367, 439, 468n
- in specie 277, 278, 280, 282, 284
- Institute Cargo Clauses (A, B and C) 165, 252, 271, 356, 415 see also Cargo Clauses
- Institute of London Underwriters (ILU) 11, 12, 33
- insurable interest
- bailee 65
- and casualties 68
- contingent 61
- date for 75–6
- defeasible 73
- definition 60–1
- expectation 71–2
- freight 74–5
- insurable interest bill 59
- ‘as interest might appear thereafter’ 72
- interest or no interest 54–6
- legislation 55, 56–9
- marine insurance contract 9
- mortgagor and mortgagee 61–4
- ordinary creditor 70–1
- ownership 61
- partial 73
- pervasive 64–6, 71n
- profit 64
- shareholder 66–7
- and shipowners 62–4, 70
- types 61–76
- valuable benefit 67–70
- valued policy 56
- wagering contracts 58–60, 72
- ‘insurable property’ 12, 60, 154, 427
- insurable value 17, 108, 295–6, 322n, 341, 342, 348, 349
- insurance
- Insurance Act 2015
- insurance conditions 172, 176, 486
- insurance contracts see also premium
- insurance courts 9
- insurance law, mitigation of loss 354
- insurance market 143, 187, 440, 443, 461
- ‘insurance rent’ 420
- insured perils 223–6
see also causation
- barratry of master, officers or crew 265–7
- Collision Liability Clause 259
- collisions 259
- cross-liabilities 261, 259
- due diligence 258
- exceptions 255–6
- fire and explosion 261–3
- latent defect in machinery or hull 253–5
- ordinary wear and tear 245–7
- perils of the seas 237–40
- piracy see piracy
- under standard hull and cargo clauses 223
- thieves 265
- insured value 321–2
- insurers
- account adjustment between broker and insurer 201–3
- actual insurer, focus on in inducement 90–1
- duty not to prejudice rights of assured 416
- duty of good faith 390–1
- good faith, acting in (not to prejudice insurers' subrogation rights) 411–16
- information waived by 117
- knowledge of 114–17
- obligations of, in subrogation 410–16
- proof of reinsured's liability in claims against reinsurers 478–83
- rights in subrogation see insurer's rights in subrogation
- right to defend claim 27
- subrogation rights 406
- insurer's rights in subrogation see also insurers
- ‘interest or no [insurable] interest’ 9, 54–7, 107
- International Hull Clauses 2003 12, 24, 253, 271, 345
- international law (jure gentium) 264
- International Maritime Organisation 155
- International Safety Management (ISM) 153
- International Underwriting Association of London (IUA, 1999-) 11n, 33, 51
- invoice value 16–17, 295, 314
- iron/iron ore 277, 308, 423
- irretrievable deprivation 283–9
- jettison 12, 226, 250
- joint insurance 417, 425
- joint-stock companies 7
- joint ventures 113, 359
- jurisdiction clauses 400–1
- lake, insurance contract 14–16
- land and sea, insurance contract 13–14
- land conveyance 270
- landlords 420
- latent defect
- Law Commissions 30, 31, 58n, 59, 100, 104
- law of agency 191
- Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA) 27–9
- layers, insurance in 430–1
- leading underwriter (L/U) 96, 453, 454
- leading underwriter (L/U) clause 43–4
- leather 140, 241, 268
- legal liability 71, 453, 487
- ‘legal thing in action’ 27, 28
- legislation 55, 56–9 see also Insurance Act 2015; Law of Property Act 1925; Marine Insurance Act (MIA) 1906
- letter of subrogation 406
- liability insurance 20, 65n, 143, 365, 370, 374, 375
- lien brokers' lien; equitable lien
- life insurance 54, 78, 136n
- lightermen 412
- ‘line’ 36, 37, 45, 115
- lineslip 34
- linseed 278, 303
- liquefied gas 441 see also oil and gas sector Lloyd' s
- Lloyd's Boxes 33, 39, 468
- Lloyd's brokers 33, 449
- Lloyd's Claims Scheme (Combined) 51
- Lloyd's List (1734-) 6, 114, 115
- Lloyd's Market 33–43, 436
- Lloyd's of London 5–7
- Lloyd's Policy Signing Office 46
- Lloyd's Syndicates 34, 45, 52, 297, 471, 476
- Lloyd's Underwriters Association 12
- London Assurance Corporation 5, 6
- London Company Market 7, 33, 181
- London Insurance and Reinsurance Market Association (LIRMA) 11n, 33
- London Market 11, 15, 35, 36, 124, 456, 462, 468
- London Market Association 36
- London Market Brokers' Committee 36
- London Processing Centre (LPC) 33
- loss see also ‘loss or misfortune’
- ‘absolute total loss’ 310
- actual total loss see actual total loss (ATL)
- additional cover, hull or machinery 256–7
- apprehension of 304–5
- assignment before or after 26–27
- assured as party who has suffered loss but also party responsible for that loss 405
- averting/minimizing loss otherwise covered by terms of policy 356
- business interruption losses 218
- constructive total loss see constructive total loss (CTL)
- excess of loss treaty 466, 471
- existence of duty to mitigate in insurance 354–64
- extent necessary to show possibility of loss 374
- general average loss 292, 341, 349
- of life see deaths/loss of life
- mitigation of 354
- reinsurance 466–7
- sue and labour clauses 355–56
- time of 72, 76
- ‘total loss only’ 276, 285, 360
- unrepaired partial loss 339
- of vessel 408
- terms not relevant to loss 172–3, 177
- loss adjusters 381, 483
- loss experience 93, 98, 99, 122
- loss-minimisation 354–5
- loss of hire marine policy 99
- ‘loss or misfortune’ 355–9, 361
- machinery 99, 195, 239, 271, 292 see also hull and machinery insurance
- managing agent 33–4, 36
- MAR (91) form 39
- ‘marine adventure’ 12, 13, 63, 296
- Marine Insurance Act (MIA) 1906 9–13
see also floating policies; marine insurance contract
- assignment under 24
- and contract of marine insurance 10
- facultative obligatory cover 21
- First Schedule 11
- floating policies 18
- key issues 10
- marine insurance contract 12–13
- open cover, obligatory 18–21
- protection and indemnity (P&I) clubs 5
- remedies under 130
- SG policy (1779–1982) 11
- unvalued policy 16
- valued policy 16–17
- voyage and time policies 11
- marine insurance contract 12–13, 55, 146, 154, 161, 187, 205
see also reinsurance contract
- history 10
- Marine Insurance (Gambling Policies) Act 1909 58, 59
- marine insurance law 2, 205
- marine perils 12, 13, 204–74 see also causation and marine perils
- maritime perils 239
- definition 12
- Market Reform Contract (MRC, 2007-) 35
- whether a contract of insurance 34
- market value 17, 107, 108, 296, 348, 349 see also partial loss
- master (‘captain,' ‘skipper')
- master's effects 279
- material facts 97–113
- materiality
- measure of indemnity, partial loss 342
- meat 292
- mere influence test 85–7, 100, 102
- metal fatigue 242, 256
- mines 169
- misrepresentation 82–4
- mitigation of loss see also loss;
- sue and labour clauses contract law
- moisture 240, 241, 243, 269
- moral hazard
- mortgagor and mortgagee 61–64
- mutual insurance 8, 11, 14
- mutual insurance associations (MIAs) 8
- natural disasters see hurricanes; storms; typhoons
- negligence see also contributory negligence; tort
- ‘Both to Blame Collision Clause’ 270
- of broker 438–41, 446–8
- of charterer 370
- clauses 362
- of contractor 382
- of crew 225, 231, 382
- damages 333, 372
- and due diligence 257
- gross negligence 259, 387
- of haulier 71
- Inchmaree clause 252
- of master 372
- negligent underwriting 92–93
- proof of 387
- of ship owner's servant s 362
- of tenant 420
- non-consumer (business) insurance 163, 177, 394, 395 see also consumer insurance
- non-disclosure 27, 62, 63, 80, 85n, 115, 118, 120, 412 see also duty of disclosure; facts not needing disclosure; misrepresentation
- notice of abandonment 316–19
- oats 73
- obligatory open cover 18–21
- Oceaneering risk 471
- officers, barratry 253
- oil and gas sector 98, 453 see also liquefied gas
- online information 115
- open cover 17, 152, 297, 408, 453, 454
- Open Market Placement 436
- open policy 17, 18
- ordinary creditor 70–71
- Original Person 69
- original slip 34, 123
- overvaluation, moral hazard 110
- ownership, insurable interest 61
- palm oil 362
- partial insurance 430, 431
- partial interest 25, 73
- partial loss see also particular average loss
- casualties 339, 352
- common law 348n
- and crew 302, 329, 341
- ‘free from particular average’ 10
- of freight 349
- of goods 342–9
- measure of indemnity 341–2
- reasonable cost of repair 344–5
- of ship 509
- successive losses 349–52
- successive unrepaired partial losses 352
- unvalued policy 342, 347, 349
- valued policy 342, 347–9
- particular average loss 279, 341, 342, 429
- passengers 84, 147, 148, 263, 475
- perils
- insured see insured perils
- of the seas see perils of the seas
- perils of the seas 223–6
- perishable goods 252, 279
- Permanent Total Disability (PTD) 69
- Personal Accident Insurance 91n
- personal injury 8, 69, 140, 481
- pervasive interest 64–7, 71n
- physical hazard 97–98
- pilots 171, 253, 257, 258
- piracy 207, 236, 263–5
- placing brokers 183, 449–51
- portable heating appliances (PHAs) 444
- port of refuge 306, 360
- ports, characteristics 122
- port state controls (PSC) 100, 115
- possessory lien 191–93
- post-contractual duties (brokers) 451–54
- power of attorney 68n
- ppi policies 58
- pre-contractual duties (brokers) 438–51
- premium
- adjusted premium clauses 188
- amount 183–4
- broker's cancellation clause 190
- common law 181, 191, 193
- composite insurance 195, 196
- consequences of non-payment 188–9
- custom (or fiction) 179–83
- and debt 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 202
- due date 184–6
- effect of receipt on policy 181–3
- exclusion of custom 186–8
- freight, demurrage and defence (FD&D) 8
- increase in, as remedy for breach 132
- indivisible 197–9
- non-payment 109–10, 188–9
- payment warranty 186–8
- premium warranty clause 110
- return see return of premium
- premium warranty clause 110
- present claims 23–4
- previous loss experiences 98–99
- principle of average 376
- privity, warranties of sea worthiness 158–60
- producing brokers 183, 449–51
- professional indemnity insurance 101, 443, 449
- profit 9, 12, 84, 280, 314
- ‘profits insurance’ 374
- promissory estoppel 135, 136, 166, 167, 169 see also waiver by estoppel
- promissory warranty 146, 147, 150
- vs ‘warranted free’ 207
- property
- abandonment 286, 327
- actual total loss 276, 280, 283, 286, 287, 295
- commercial management 66
- constructive total loss 301, 302, 320, 321, 325, 326
- damage to 8, 260, 297, 320
- and fraud 384, 389
- insurable 12, 60, 154
- insurable interest 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 64–68
- ‘insurable property’ 12, 60, 154
- Insured perils 228, 320, 356, 363
- legal 73
- ownership 61, 327, 417
- reinsurance 471
- subrogation 409, 417–19, 421, 422, 427
- sue and labour clauses 356, 358
- transfer 283
- property consultancy services 450
- pro rata itineris 361
- protection and indemnity (P&I) clubs 7–8
- proximate cause. see under causation
- public law 264
- public policy 58, 59, 119, 287, 367
- pumps 233
- qualified follow-the-settlements clause, reinsurance 483–5
- ‘qualifying breach’ 129, 130
- quantum meruit, sue and labour clauses 367–9
- question of fact/matter of fact 97, 324, 344
- railways 169, 309, 470
- ransom see also capture
- rats 225, 239
- ‘reasonable depreciation’ 320, 344, 346
- reasonable skill and care (duties of brokers) see also brokers
- recovery unlikely 301
- reforms see also Market Reform Contract (MRC, 2007)
- reinsurance
- back-to-back cover 472–8
- bonafide settlements 482–3
- claims control clauses 486
- claims co-operation clauses 486, 487
- claims provisions 485–6
- construction of claims provisions 486
- deductibles, assessing 475–6
- definition 466–7
- express statement of the remedy 489
- fair presentation of risk, duty of 527
- loss, assessing 446, 448
- non-proportional 466
- parties 470
- proof of reinsured's liability in claims against reinsurers 478–3
- qualified follow-the-settlements clause 483–5
- relationship between follow-the-settlements and claims clauses 490–1
- remedy and waiver 490
- risk falling within cover 480–82
- types 466–7
- utmost good faith, duty of 468–9
- Wasa v Lexington test 476–7
- ‘within the terms of original insurance' (qualified follow-the-settlements clause) 483–5
- wordings, qualified follow-the-settlements clause 483–5
- reinsurance contract
- reinsured, contributory negligence 457–61
- remedies see also misrepresentation
- rent 379, 381, 420
- repaired value 108, 294, 321, 322, 324
- repairs see also damage
- repudiation of contract 189
- wrongful 165n
- ‘respondentia’ 2
- retrocessionaire 467n, 470, 474
- retrocession (re-insurance of re-insurance) 436n, 467n, 468, 470, 474
- return of premium 196–201
- rice 61, 75, 225, 231, 232, 240, 280
- right of election 327
- riots 260, 439
- risks
- river, insurance contract 14–16
- Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation 5, 6
- rule of law 13, 58, 59, 97, 162, 169, 391, 402, 417
- rumours, moral hazard 101
- safe port warranty 423
- salvage 55, 207, 218
- Salvage Association (SA) 45, 147
- Salvage expenses 368, 369
- Salvors 236, 289, 302, 324
- Scor test 482
- ‘scratching’ 36, 37, 44
- scuttling of vessel 217, 223, 233
- ‘sea’
- sea perils 223, 272 see also causation and marine perils
- seawater entry 230–7
- seaworthiness see also unseaworthiness
- Service of Suit clause 477
- SG form 11, 12, 355n
- SG policy (1779–1982) 11
- shafts 253, 254
- shareholder 66–7
- Sherlock Holmes' exception 221
- shipbuilders/shipbuilding 27, 65
- marine insurance contract 12
- shipowners 4, 7, 22, 25, 74n, 148, 257
- ship's papers 139, 140
- ships/shipping
- signing down 37n, 38, 456
- ‘Signing Provisions’ 37n, 38, 43
- sinkings 61, 177, 207, 211, 212 see also wrecks
- skin allergies 412
- slaves 6, 222
- slip policy 149, 380, 439
- slips
- Somali pirates 236, 286
- South Sea Company 3
- soya beans 240, 269
- specific lien 191, 193–4
- spudcans 256
- ‘standing by’ 167
- Statutory lien 193
- Stern frame 254
- storms 75, 198, 213, 216, 233, 361, 472
- sub-contractors 64, 65, 417
- subject matter insured see also insurable interest
- assured irretrievably deprived of insured subject matter 283–9, 336
- destruction of 277
- inability to withstand the ordinary conditions of voyage 241
- insurable interest 26
- reasonably abandoned because it could not be preserved from actual total loss without expenditure exceeding value when occurring 300
- reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing unavoidable 300
- so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured 279–82
- submarines 371
- subrogation
- and abandonment 432–3
- action against co-assured 416–27
- assured as party who has suffered loss but also party responsible for that loss 405
- circuity 417–19
- composite insurance 417, 422
- construction of underlying contract 420–7
- contract of indemnity 317, 318, 342, 374
- contribution 433
- costs of proceedings against third party 431–2
- damages 397, 399, 400
- definition 397–8
- duty of insurer not to prejudice rights of assured 411
- effect 398–406
- elements 402
- gifts (voluntary payments) 409–10
- implied term in underlying contract 419–20
- increased value policy 433–4
- insurance in layers 430–1
- insurer's rights 398–400
- juridical basis 404–6
- letter of subrogation 406
- limitations 406–10
- obligations of assured and insurer 410–16
- payment by insurer not fully indemnifying assured 406
- permission to use assured's name by insurer 410
- recovery from third party 416, 432
- and total loss 397, 404, 407
- valued policy 404, 406, 407, 409, 428–32, 434
- waiver 406–7
- subscription market 35, 456, 468
- ‘subsequent declaration’ 18
- Subsequent total loss 339, 351
- successive losses
- sue and labour clauses see also expense(s)
- apportionment principle 369–70
- averting/minimizing loss otherwise covered by terms of policy 354, 356
- character 362–4
- charges 356–64
- and crew 364, 367, 370–2
- duration of duty to sue and labour 364–5
- duty to mitigate in non-marine insurance 373–6
- existence of duty to mitigate in insurance 354–64
- illegality, effect 365–6
- loss, apprehension of 304–5
- mitigation of loss 354
- purpose 356–8
- quantum meruit 367–9
- ransom 366–7
- reasonably incurred in or about defence, safe guarding or recovery of subject matter insured 362–3
- unusual or extraordinary/result of unusual or extraordinary labour 368
- whether or not supplementary 370–1
- sugar 10, 73, 206, 220
- sunken rocks 227, 229
- surveyors 92, 116, 243, 288, 314, 332, 338, 345, 360
- TBE (to be entered) 37
- Temporary Total Disability (TTD) 69
- tenants 420
- termination 130, 162, 169, 187, 195, 463n
- third parties
- timber 67, 69, 70
- time
- ‘at all times’ 147, 150–3
- of avoidance 134, 139
- of casualties 68, 352
- of fraudulent act 392, 393
- of loading
- of loss 72, 76
- of placement 102
- ‘reasonable time’ 285, 312–14, 329, 331, 332, 490
- of renewal 92
- of scratching 44
- time-barring 186, 193, 413–15
- of underwriting 75n
- variation made 130
- when actual loss must be constituted 294
- ‘within reasonable time’ 312, 313
- time charters 108, 400
- time policies 10, 11, 17–18, 27n, 215, 216, 229, 257
- tort 136, 142, 398, 408 see also negligence
- total loss see also actual total loss (ATL); constructive total loss (CTL)
- total loss only 177, 276, 285
- towage 147, 171, 210, 228–9, 325
- transhipment 291
- treaty mechanism 466
- true construction doctrine 71, 125, 184, 323, 348
- tugs 51, 159
- typhoons
- underlying contract
- underwriters see also General Underwriters Agreement (GUA); Institute of London Underwriters (ILU)
- unilateral offer 41–2
- unrepaired partial loss 352
- unrepaired vessels 346–9
- unseaworthiness 155–8, 160, 165, 167, 211, 215–16 see also seaworthiness
- unvalued policy 16, 17, 295, 341
- utmost good faith see duty of good faith
- valuable benefit 67–71
- valued hull insurance 347
- valued policy 16–17, 56, 107, 284, 291
- variations 130
- ventilation 232
- voyage
- voyage policy 17
- wagering contracts 56–59, 60, 72
- wager policies 9
- waiver
- waiver argument 93n, 122–4, 134, 167
- waiver by affirmation 131–6
- waiver by election 166, 169
- waiver by estoppel 135–6, 166–9
- warehouses 279
- warnings 147, 148
- warranties 164, 474, 475
- basis of the contract clauses 172–7
- and breach of contract 127
- and casualties 149, 151, 155
- common law 146, 162, 172, 173
- construction 150–2
- contracting out of IA 2015 177
- creation 146, 172
- and crew 148, 150–2, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160
- definition 146–8
- difference from conditions 172
- express 148–9, 160–2
- ‘held covered' clauses 169–72
- Implied 127–8, 154
- premium payment 186–8
- present and continuing 152–3
- terms define the risk as a whole 173–5
- risk mitigating terms and s. 11(3) 175–7
- storms 148, 162, 164, 198
- strict compliance 163–4
- terms not relevant to the actual loss 172–3
- typhoons 474, 475
- waiver 164
- warranties of seaworthiness 165 see also seaworthiness; unseaworthiness
- war risks 102, 161, 167, 188, 213, 236, 263, 271, 272
- War Risk Trading Warranties 188
- watches 123, 124, 468
- wear and tear 245–6
- weather conditions see hurricanes; storms; typhoons
- wind and waves (ordinary action) 228–30
- within reasonable time 313
- wrecks 8, 208, 259, 277, 280 see also sinkings
- yachts 89, 115, 188