A. Introduction

40.001 This short chapter discusses the European Union (“EU”) law relating to pilotage. Most of the EU rules discussed elsewhere in this book may well apply to pilotage: for example, the prohibition on discrimination by Member States between EU citizens on the basis of nationality;1 rules on employment (in so far as pilots are employees);2 the rules on competition in so far as pilots are undertakings;3 State authorities and how they organise markets;4 and State aid5 are applicable to pilotage. This chapter concentrates on some specific issues which are not dealt with elsewhere in the book.