i-law

Shipping and the Environment


Page 1329

Index

  • Abnormally dangerous activities 570, 674, 1097
  • Access to places of refuge. see Places of refuge for ships
  • Access to territorial seas and ports 10441060
  • Acts of God
    • CERCLA (United States) 404405, 731
    • definition 241
      • international compensation Conventions. see Natural phenomenon
      • Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 241242
  • Act of war
    • CERCLA (United States) 404405, 731
    • Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 242
  • Acts or omissions
  • Admiralty jurisdiction
  • Admissibility of claims. see Claims
  • Admittance to ports 616617, 865869, 873, 10441060
  • Advertisements, OPA-90 claims procedure 258
  • Agriculture, effect of oil spill on 1302
  • Air pollution
    • Clean Air Act (United States) 10201022
    • compensation under international conventions
    • components 60
    • criminal liability (United States) 1307
    • emissions reductions 984
    • prevention (MARPOL) 3435, 53, 976994
    • zero-emission fuels 92
  • AIS 952, 10221025, 1239
  • Alcohol testing 1316
  • Alter egos
  • Angling clubs 547548
  • Antarctic. see Polar operations
  • Anti-fouling Convention 1327
  • Anti-fouling systems 994997
  • Aquacultural stocks 482, 520525
  • Aquatic invasive species 998, 10221027
  • Arbitration
  • Arctic. see Polar operations
  • Area Contingency Plans 10781080
  • Area exercises 11151116
  • Arrest of ships
  • Asset Conservation Act (United States) 777, 785787
  • Assignment
  • Automatic ship identification systems (AIS) 952
  • Autonomous craft 92
  • Autopilots 1013
  • Average. see General average, Particular average
  • ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) 388, 794, 1057, 11121113, 1231, 1324
  • IGS (inert gas systems) 21, 360, 438, 1026
  • ILO (International Labour Organization) 7, 75, 77, 1194, 1208, 1212, 1218, 1286
  • IMCO (Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization). see International Maritime Organization
  • IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods) Code 370, 375, 695697, 953, 976977
  • Immunity. see also State immunity
  • IMO (International Maritime Organization)
    • constitution 78
    • documents 8, 1325
    • GISIS 1325
    • IMCO, formerly known as 7, 27, 28
    • IMODOCS 1325
    • IOPC Funds 173
    • Legal Committee. see Legal Committee (IMO)
    • MEPC. see Marine Environment Protection Committee
    • Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS) 1231
    • MSC. see Maritime Safety Committee
    • online information 1325
    • publications 1325
  • Implementation of international law 1516
  • Import controls on waste shipments 11841185
  • IMSAS (IMO Member State Audit Scheme) 1231
  • “Incident”
    • definition
      • Bunkers Convention 2001 341
      • Civil Liability Convention 1992 126129
      • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 373
      • Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 229, 233234, 236237, 240, 250
    • grave and imminent threat of pollution 128
    • intervening act or omission 127
    • “maritime casualty”
      • Intervention Convention 1969 1039
      • Wreck Removal Convention 2007 1129
    • “substantial threat” of discharge of oil (United States), liability of responsible party 229, 233234
    • two or more ships involved 129
  • Incident Command System 11121115
  • Incineration 989990
  • Indemnification under Fund Convention 1971 200
    • subrogation against shipowner or guarantor, effect on 199200, 206208
    • subrogation against third parties 207208
    • time limit for claim 352, 389390
  • Indemnities
    • bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
    • CERCLA (United States) 410
    • charterers 704705
    • clean-up costs 868870
    • contribution, and 254257
    • employment clause in time charter 698699
    • environmental risks 325329
    • exceptions 332335
    • and guarantees 778
    • insurer’s right against owner 838
    • issues relating to 329335
    • lender liability 775788
    • Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 254256
    • scope 331332
  • Indigenous persons 48
  • Industry controls on ship safety standards 12441247
    • classification societies 12441246
    • insurance industry and other charterers 704705
  • Industry developments
    • implications of OPA-90 504507
  • Industry schemes. see TOVALOP, CRISTAL, STOPIA, TOPIA
  • Inert gas systems (IGS) 21, 360, 438, 1026

  • Page 1356

    Injuctions
    • CERCLA (United States) 410
    • Clean Water Act (United States) 229
  • Innocent passage 944948, 10431044
  • Inspections 995996
  • Institute Clauses 772773, 860, 879
  • Insurance. see also Hull and cargo insurance, P&I Clubs
    • bareboat charterers 713
    • Bunkers Convention 2001 350352
    • cargo. see Hull and cargo insurance
    • CERCLA (United States) 425426
    • certificates of financial responsibility (United States) 52, 261267, 425426
    • certification
      • Bunkers Convention 2001 350352
      • charterparty clauses requiring 711
      • Civil Liability Convention 1992 161
      • Wreck Removal Convention 11381139
    • charterers
      • insurance of charterers’ risks 713714
      • requirement to arrange and pay for insurance 711712
    • Civil Liability Convention 1992 161
    • collisions, pollution resulting from 751752
    • compulsory 825, 856, 857
    • demise charterers 713
    • financial responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (US) 52, 261267, 425426, 843
    • financial security under international regimes 161162, 181183, 301302, 382383, 711, 737738, 825843, 11381140
    • general average 876879
    • guarantors 206207, 648, 825854. see also financial responsibility, financial security
    • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
    • hull. see Hull and cargo insurance
    • industry 9, 791794, 859860, 12461247
    • insufficient 182
    • law governing contract 846849
    • lenders. see ship finance
    • liability insurance. see P&I Clubs
    • mortgagees. see ship finance
    • offshore craft 335336
    • Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
    • P&I Clubs 791794
    • proximate cause 881
    • salvage 663666
    • ship finance 771772
      • Mortgagees’ Additional Perils (Pollution) Insurance 774775
      • Mortgagees’ Interest Insurance 772774
    • war risks 821822
    • wilful misconduct 811813
    • Wreck Removal Convention 2007 11381139
  • Insurance Directive on the Insurance of Shipowners for Maritime Claims 72, 793
  • Insurance industry
    • controls on ship safety standards 12441247
    • hull and cargo insurers 859860
    • NGOs at international bodies 9
    • P&I Clubs and other liability insurers 791794
  • Interest
    • claims against owner 188
    • limitation fund 157158
    • paid or payable by the Fund 186, 188
    • payable by contributors to IOPC Funds 176
    • payable by IOPC Funds to claimants 186
    • payable by shipowner to claimants
      • effect on Funds’ liability limit 188
    • payment of 186187
    • public 5
  • Interest groups. see Special interest groups
  • Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). see International Maritime Organization
  • Interim payments
    • Civil Liability Conventions 159160
    • IOPC Funds 196205
    • London Limitation Convention (LLMC) 932935
  • Internal exercises 11151116
  • Internal waters
    • definition, UNCLOS 944
    • regulation in by coastal states 948
  • International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) 9, 963, 12451246
  • International Association of Dry Bulk Cargo Shipowners (INTERCARGO) 9, 110, 682, 1294
  • International Association of Independent Tanker Owners. see INTERTANKO
  • International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) 9, 71, 83, 90, 348, 352, 641, 822, 841, 856, 924, 961, 970, 1193, 1212, 1214, 1216, 1231, 1256, 1286, 1234
  • International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters. see Polar Code (IMO)
  • International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. see Ballast Water Management Convention
  • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. see MARPOL
  • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954. see OILPOL
  • International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. see SOLAS

  • Page 1357

    International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001. see Bunkers Convention 2001
  • International Convention on Salvage 1989. see Salvage Convention 1989
  • International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships. see Anti-Fouling Convention
  • International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. see Fund Convention 1971, Fund Convention 1992
  • International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969
    • Civil Liability Convention 1992 97170, 344, 652653, 716718
    • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
  • International Convention Relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties. see Intervention Convention 1969
  • International Group of P&I Clubs 194195, 793794. see also P&I Clubs
  • International Labour Organization (ILO) 7, 75, 77, 1194, 1208, 1212, 1218, 1286
  • International laws and treaties. also. see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)
    • amendment 14
    • compensation regimes 1011, 44
    • compliance 17
    • differences from implementing legislation 15
    • effect, general principles 1218
    • entry into force 1314
    • framework 6
    • interpretation 16
    • prevention, reduction and control of pollution 1112
  • International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage 1969 (Brussels) 28, 857
  • International Maritime Bureau 87
  • International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code 370, 375, 695697, 953, 976977
  • International Maritime Organization. see IMO
  • International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. see IOPC Funds
  • International organisations 710
  • International regimes. see international laws
  • International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) 3233
  • International rules to prevent pollution from ships 7, 3334, 5253
    • Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships 994997
      • provisions
        • inspections and violations 12701271
    • enforcement 12271247
    • international law of the sea
      • coastal states. see regulation
      • flag states. see regulation
      • maritime zones
      • regulation by coastal states
      • jurisdiction. see international law of the sea, regulation
      • Prevention of Pollution from Ships. see also MARPOL
        • background
        • garbage (Annex V) 980983, 1264
        • noxious liquid substances in bulk (Annex II)
          • general
            • operational discharges of residues 973975
          • shipboard marine pollution emergency plan (SMPEP) 11111112
        • oil (Annex I)
          • operational discharges of oil
          • requirements for cargo area of oil tankers
            • equipment
              • crude oil washing requirements 968969
          • shipboard oil pollution emergency plan (SOPEP) 11111112
        • Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). see SOLAS
        • Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments
          • Ballast Water Management Convention 7475, 10011002, 10221029
            • provisions
              • ballast water exchange and performance standards
                • survey and certification requirements 1228
  • International Safety Management Code. see ISM Code
  • International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. see ISPS Code

  • Page 1358

    International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. see ITOPF
  • International Tonnage Certificates 264265
  • International treaties and conventions. see Treaties and conventions
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 10, 105
  • International Union of Marine Insurers (IUMI) 9, 641, 856, 878, 895
  • Intersessional Working Groups. see IOPC Funds
  • INTERTANKO (International Association of Independent Tanker Owners 9, 63, 71, 272, 710, 856, 1239, 1254, 1286, 12941297, 1324. see Table of Cases
    • bunker compliance clause 710
    • case, ECJ 12941297
    • decision, US 6263
    • financial responsibility 261267, 425426
    • OPA-90, relationship to other law 504507
    • scrubber clause 711
    • vetting inspection clause 708
  • Intervention. see also Intervention Convention 1969
    • state intervention. see Intervention Convention 1969, Intervention on the High Seas Act
  • Intervention Convention 1969 28, 10381043
  • Intervention on the High Seas Act (United States) 421422
  • Invoices 552
  • IOPC Funds (International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds) 89. see also Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992
    • Administrative Council 174
    • Admissibility of claims, under. see Claims
    • Assemblies
      • claims, determination and settlement, role in 185186, 195196, 445
      • composition 8, 173
      • consistency between decisions of 1971 and 1992 Fund Assemblies 185186, 445
      • functions 173174
      • records of decisions 9, 174, 1326
      • resolutions
        • No. 3 (1971 Fund), damage to marine environment 436440
        • significance under 1969 Vienna Convention 1617
      • rules of procedure 173174
      • uniform application of Conventions
        • emphasis on 443
        • role in maintaining 444445
    • claims
      • admissibility criteria. see Criteria for admissibility of claims
      • claims handling 195
      • Claims Manuals 178, 446447
      • clean-up operations and preventive measures 449480
      • damage to marine environment 558568
      • determination and settlement 195196
      • legal proceedings against Fund 205206, 211212
    • compensation
      • cases in which Funds pay
        • damage exceeds liability limit under CLC 183184
        • no liability under CLC 179181
        • shipowner exonerated from liability 180181
        • unidentified ship 179180
        • shipowner financially incapable 181183
          • assets insufficient 182
          • financial security requirements
            • not applicable 166, 181
            • not complied with 182
            • insurance cover insufficient 182
        • shipowner’s expenses 160, 184
      • distribution 160, 189191
      • limits
        • amounts 187
        • conversion into national currency 188189
        • interest awarded against shipowner, effect of 188
        • interest paid or payable by Funds 188
        • natural phenomenon 187188
        • unit of account 188189
    • constitution 173
    • contributions
      • capping, 1992 Fund Protocol 54
      • collection 176
      • contributing oil 176
      • funding by 175177
      • quantities received in main contributory states 177
    • criteria for admissibility of claims. see Criteria for admissibility of claims
    • decisions. see also Criteria for admissibility of claims
      • consistency between decisions of 1971 and 1992 Funds 186186, 445
      • records of 9, 174, 1326
      • role in maintaining international uniformity 444445

    • Page 1359

      Director of the Funds
      • claims-settling authority 196
      • legal representative of Funds 8, 175
    • dissolution, 1971 Fund 30, 172, 202
    • exclusion of liability 184185
    • Executive Committees
      • claims
        • criteria for admissibility, role in developing 8
        • determination and settlement, role in 185186, 195196, 445
      • composition 174
      • establishment of, 1992 Fund 174
      • functions 174
      • records of decisions 9, 174, 1326
      • uniform application of Conventions, role in maintaining 444445
    • finance 171, 175177
    • funding by contributors. see contributions
    • governing bodies. see Assemblies, Executive Committees
    • headquarters 8, 173
    • indemnification
    • information sources 9, 177178, 1326
    • interest
      • payable by contributors to Funds 176
      • payable by Funds to claimants 186
        • effect on Funds’ liability limit 188
      • payable by shipowner to claimants
        • effect on Funds’ liability limit, 1992 Fund 188
    • interim payments
      • background 196
      • Interim Payment Standard Terms 203205
      • issues 197
      • overpayment
        • balanacing payment between Fund and insurer 200, 204
        • implications 198
        • risk of 197
        • subrogation 199
      • practice followed with insurers 196197, 203205
    • Internal Regulations 173
    • Intersessional Working Groups (1971 Fund)
      • Fifth
        • damage to the marine environment, claims for 560
        • fixed costs, claims for 465
        • interest, payment of 186
      • Sixth (changes to 1984 Protocols) 54
    • Intersessional Working Groups (1992 Fund)
      • Second
        • consideration of definition of “ship”, CLC 92
          • offshore craft 104, 120, 296297
          • unladen vessels 109111
          • vessels constructed or adapted for carriage of persistent oil and other cargoes 111
      • Third
        • review of compensation regime 7072
          • criteria governing fo claims environmental damage 564565
          • environmental impact studies 566
          • jurisdiction of national courts 164
          • ‘‘ship’’, CLC 92 definition, possible revision 104
        • revision of conventions, decided against 7071, 104, 1247
        • substandard shipping 1247
      • Fourth
        • establishment to examine non-technical measures to promote quality shipping 1247
        • measures introduced by P&I Clubs 1247
      • Fifth (HNS Focus Group)
        • development of draft HNS Protocol 362363
      • Seventh
    • definition of “ship”, CLC 92, consideration of, 105
    • legal proceedings
      • extent to which Funds bound by proceedings against shipowner 206
      • intervention by Funds in proceedings against shipowner 193
      • notification 192193
    • liability. see compensation and exclusion of liability
    • limit of Fund’s liability 187191
      • amount, 1992 Fund 187
      • conversion into national currency 188189
      • distribution of available compensation 189192
        • distribution unnecessary 190
        • ‘SLQ’ claims 191
      • natural phenomenon 187
      • interest, effect of. see interest unit of account188189
    • member states 8, 171172, 209
    • Memorandum of Understanding with International Group of P&I Clubs 194195, 214
    • notification, proceedings under Civil Liability Conventions 192193
    • object 8, 30, 171172
    • oil, contributing. see contributions
    • oil receivers 175177
    • oil reports 176
    • organs 8, 173175
    • P&I Clubs, co-operation with 77, 194195
    • purpose 8, 171172, 209
    • recourse
      • against shipowner and guarantor 206
      • against third parties 207
      • Funds’ subrogation to rights of other parties 208
      • Funds’ subrogation to rights of shipowner 207

    • Page 1360

      secretariat 8, 175
    • subrogation 206209. see also recourse
      • Funds’ subrogation to rights of shipowner 207
      • Funds’ subrogation to recovery rights of other parties 208
      • rights of subrogation against Funds
        • insurer of claimant 208
        • other parties 209
        • shipowners and insurers 199200
    • Supplementary Fund. see Supplementary Fund
    • time limit for proceedings 193194
    • website 8, 177178
    • winding up, 1971 Fund 30, 172, 202
    • Working Groups. see Intersessional Working Groups
  • Invasive aquatic species 11, 74
  • ISM (International Safety Management) Code 53
  • ISPS (International Ship and Port Facility Security) Code 67, 133, 292294, 950, 955, 1247
  • ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd) 5859
    • international developments 1990–2000 5859
    • technical issues 56, 437, 522, 556, 799
    • Torrey Canyon, international response to 2728
    • TOVALOP 2728
  • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 10, 105
  • IUMI (International Union of Marine Insurers) 9, 641, 856, 878, 895
  • Magnuson Act (United States) 221, 400, 1003
  • Malicious acts 133134
  • Managers. see Ship management
  • Manning
  • MarineBio Conservation Society 10
  • Marine Debris Co-ordinating Committee 1011
  • Marine environment. see Environmental damage, Natural resources
  • Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) (IMO)
    • application of regulatory regimes to FPSOs and FSUs 294295
    • ballast water management 7475, 10011002, 10221029
    • Member State Audit Scheme 1231
    • Places of Refuge for Ships in Need of Assistance 10551060
    • port state control 1236
  • Marine insurance. see Insurance, Hull and cargo insurance, P&I Clubs
  • Marine mammals, protection of 84
  • Marine Preservation Association 1108
  • Marine property insurance. see General average, Hull and cargo insurance
  • Marine Spill Response Corporation 1108
  • Maritime authorities, liability 761766
  • “Maritime casualty”
    • Intervention Convention 1969 1039
    • Wreck Removal Convention 2007 1129
  • “Maritime lepers” 1047
  • Maritime liens
  • Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) (IMO) 78
    • application of regulatory regimes to FPSOs and FSUs 294295
    • Member State Audit Scheme 1231
    • Places of Refuge for Ships in Need of Assistance 10551060
    • port state control 1236
  • Maritime security 955956. see ISPS Code
    • cyber risks 88
    • piracy 8788
    • political unrest 8889
    • sanctions 8889
    • terrorist attacks 6667
  • Maritime zones
    • archipelagic waters 945
    • contiguous zone 944
    • continental shelf 946
    • exclusive economic zone. see Exclusive economic zone
    • high seas 946
    • internal waters 944, 1273
    • straits 944945
    • territorial sea 944
    • violation 12321233
  • Marketing
  • MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) 3435, 53, 293294, 957994. see also International rules
  • Masters
  • Media coverage 41, 513, 531, 536, 539, 558, 1046
  • Medical practice 539
  • Memoranda of Understanding 1236
  • “Methodika” formula 106, 436, 444, 555, 559560, 563
  • Migratory Bird Treaty Act (US) 1301
  • Misconduct. see Wilful misconduct
  • Misrepresentation 813814
  • Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs). see Offshore craft
  • Mooring fees 548
  • Moral damages, awards 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
  • Mortgages
  • Multi-party actions. see Class actions
  • Packages 68, 977, 1060
  • P&I Clubs 791858. see also International Group of P&I Clubs
    • actual fault or privity 923927
    • arrest of ships 167168
    • bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
    • biochem. see chemical, bio-chemical and electromagnetical weapons risks
    • Blue Cards 839841
      • cancellation of 843
      • financial standing of insurer 841842
      • form and content of 840841
      • practice 839841
      • undertakings by owners 842843
    • Bunkers Convention 2001 835838
    • catastrophe losses 796
    • Certificates of Financial Responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843
    • certification. see financial security
    • charterers 704705
    • chemical, bio-chemical and electromagnetical weapons risks 822823
    • Civil Liability Convention 1992 825, 834835
    • claims office 435436
    • clean-up costs 798800, 868870
    • contamination 799800
    • contracts with members 793
    • contracts, exclusion of liabilities arising under 816817
    • contributions 876877
    • co-operation with 194
    • coral reef damage 806807
    • costs 798799, 804805, 864874
    • cover provided by International Group Clubs 794797
    • damage 799800
    • damages 800
    • defences 809825
    • development 791792
    • direct action against 825854
    • exclusions 809825
    • expenses 798803, 807808
    • Exxon Valdez 4851
    • financial responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843844

    • Page 1370

      financial security under international regimes 161, 181183, 301302, 382383, 711, 737738, 825843, 11381140. see also Blue Cards
      • direct liability
        • claims not covered under policy 435436
    • fines and penalties
      • accidental discharges 802803
      • intentional discharges 803
      • other 803
    • Fund Convention 1971 3031
    • General Excess Loss Reinsurance Contract 796797
    • geographical scope 814815
    • guarantors 206207, 648, 825854
    • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 825
    • history 791792
    • hull insurance, exclusion of claims recoverable under 815816
    • illegal, hazardous and improper adventures 817
    • IOPC Funds
    • ISM Code 824
    • land based facilities, exclusion for escape or discharge from 823824
    • legal structure 792793
    • liability 798809, 844858
      • direct liability of insurer 827834
    • liability insurance 797798
    • limitation of liability 834838
    • limits 794798, 809825
    • Lloyd’s Open Form 657658
    • Memorandum of Understanding, IOPC Funds 194195
    • Memorandum of Understanding, large casualties 1123
    • Memorandum of Understanding, NOAA 605
    • misrepresentation 813814
    • non-disclosure 813814
    • Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843844
    • Omnibus Rule 808809
    • overspill 797
    • pay to be paid 824
    • penalties 261
    • pollution liability risks 797, 814
    • Pooling Agreement 795796
    • proximate cause 881
    • punitive damages 800
    • radioactive contamination 823
    • reimbursement 807808
    • Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
    • salvors 801802
    • sanctions 817821, 833834
    • seaworthiness 809811
    • special compensation 801
    • STOPIA 800801
    • sue and labour expenses 807808
    • terrorism 6667, 133134, 807, 821822, 1116
    • third parties 871, 874, 887
    • TOPIA 800801
    • TOVALOP 2728
    • unpaid calls 824
    • unseaworthiness 809811
    • war risks 132, 184, 807, 821822
    • warranties 392, 689694, 810811, 824
    • wilful misconduct 811813
    • wreck removal 803806
    • Wreck Removal Convention 2007 835838
  • Parens patriae doctrine 573
  • Parent/Subsidiary liability 721723
  • Paris Memorandum of Understanding 45, 12371239
  • Partial loss 880
  • Particular average 879
  • Partnerships 101, 225, 670, 719, 720724, 1303
  • Pennsylvania Rule 678
  • Persistent oil. see also Non-persistent oil
  • Personal injuries
  • Piercing the corporate veil 720, 724725
  • Pilots 753768
    • acts or omissions 756759
    • immunity from suit 760761
    • independent fault 759760
    • legal framework 755
    • liability 755761
    • limitation of liability 761
    • vicarious liability of employer 756759
  • Pipelines 46, 286, 288, 303, 314, 317, 321, 322, 326
  • Places of refuge for ships 10441062. see also Ports of refuge
  • Plant 86, 439, 463464, 555, 572, 783
  • Plastic 11831184
  • Pleasure craft 481482, 905
  • Pledges 778
  • Poincaré francs. see Gold francs
  • Polar Code (IMO) 960, 971, 976, 979980, 983. see MARPOL, SOLAS
  • Polar operations, 85–87”
  • “Polluter pays” principle 248, 684, 1071, 1093, 1204
  • Pollution damage 99100. see also Environmental damage, Marine environment
    • international conventions
      • admissibility and assessment of claims. see also Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
        • economic loss 434437. see also Economic loss
        • marine environment, damage to 436440. see also Marine environment
        • personal injuries 396, 558. see also Personal injuries
        • preventive measures 100101, 126. see also Preventive measures
        • property damage 481488. see also Property damage
      • definitions 126, 341, 433434
        • Bunkers Convention 2007 341
        • Civil Liability Convention 1992 126, 433434
        • revision 41
  • Pollution prevention. see MARPOL, Prevention of pollution, Preventive measures
  • Port state control 958959, 979, 985986, 995, 999, 12311240
  • Ports. see also Port state control, Ports and Waterways Safety Act 1972 (United States)
  • Ports and Waterways Safety Act 1972 (United States) 10041006
  • Ports of refuge 865876. see also Places of refuge for ships
  • Poseidon Principles 8990, 788790
  • Power stations 483
  • Precautions
  • Pre-emption provisions 36, 51, 1021
  • Press. see Media coverage
  • Prestige incident 6970
    • access to places of refuge. see Places of refuge for ships
    • changes in law and practice, led to
      • coastal state control 12401244
      • EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution 12921297
      • IMO Guidelines on Places of Refuge 10551060, 1236
      • Maritime Assistance Services (MAS) 10321033
      • quality shipping, measures to promote 91, 1246
      • single hull tankers
        • accelerated phase-out 91
        • ban on carriage of heavy grades of oil 1242
      • Supplementary Fund 209213
    • CLC 92 and Fund Convention 1992
    • classification society
    • coastal state authorities
    • criminal proceedings
      • imprisonment, international restrictions on 12721273
    • direct action against insurer 825854
    • ecological damage claims 4748
    • fair treatment of defendants 1279
    • France
      • impact of pollution 12571258
      • reaction to incident of French President 12571258
    • maritime casualty, right of intervention in case of 1229, 12411243
    • moral damages claims 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
    • Spanish authorities. see coastal state authorities
      • Third Intersessional Working Group, 1992 Fund 7576, 172
  • Prevention of pollution. see also MARPOL, Preventive measures
    • Clean Air Act (United States) 10201022, 1307
    • garbage from ships 980983
    • harmful substances carried in packaged forms 976977
    • marine environment 436440
    • MARPOL 3435, 957994
    • noxious liquid substances 975976
    • oil 960971
    • oil pollution incident 969
    • Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 10111017
    • OILPOL 54, 22, 464
    • Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States) 10041006
    • sewage from ships 977980
    • Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 10061009
    • transfer of oil cargo between oil tankers at sea 970
  • Preventive measures 100101, 126, 434435, 449480. see also Prevention of pollution, Response measures
    • admissibility
      • claims for compensation. see compensation
      • in general average. see general average
    • charterers, taken by 704705
      • TOVALOP Charterparty Clause 706707
    • Civil Liability Convention 1992
      • application to 100101
      • definition 126, 434435
      • clean-up. see Clean-up
    • clean-up costs. see Clean-up costs
    • common safety. see general average
    • co-operation. see OPRC 1990
    • costs 864874, 649650, 704, 706707, 908917
    • dispersants, use of 310, 314, 1098
    • economic loss
      • caused by preventive measures 100101, 178179, 207208, 343344
      • measures to avoid or minimise economic loss
        • marketing campaigns, fishing industry 533534
        • tourism promotion campaigns 542544
    • escape of oil, measures to prevent or minimise 902, 905. see also salvage and related operations
    • expenses. see costs
    • general average
      • admissibility in general average of costs of preventive measures 864874
    • government authorities. see Government authorities
    • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 368, 372, 386
    • insurance. see marine property insurance, P&I Clubs
    • intervention by state. see Intervention Convention 1969
    • Lloyd’s Open Form
      • cost of operations under. see salvage and related operations
    • loss or damage caused by 468469, 484485
    • marketing campaigns 533534, 542544
    • oil company clauses governing costs of 706707
    • owner’s expenses
      • as claim against limitation fund
        • Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992 160
        • Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 382
        • Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 917918
      • compensation from HNS Fund 383387
      • compensation from IOPC Funds 179
      • P&I cover 809825
    • P&I cover
    • personal injury, caused by 469470, 487488, 676677, 733734
    • persons entitled to claim compensation 451454
    • Pollution Hazard Clause 883885
    • pre-spill costs 432. see also Incident
    • purpose of measures 471478, 649. see salvage and related operations
    • public bodies 463, 551
    • public perceptions 441442
    • reasonableness 454462, 544
    • recovery of oil at sea 455
    • rehabilitation of wildlife 457

    • Page 1373

      reinstatement 434, 558, 563567
    • salvage and related operations
    • Salvage Convention 1989. see salvors
    • salvors
      • duties in relation to environment 615617
      • compensation outside law of salvage 647, 649
      • remuneration
        • Lloyd’s Open Form 638639, 657658
        • Salvage Convention 1989
          • special compensation (Art. 14) 619631
    • shoreline operations 456457
    • state intervention. see Intervention Convention 1969
    • technical considerations 437442
    • tourism promotion campaigns 542544
    • volunteers 453
    • wildlife rehabilitation 457
  • Privity and knowledge 25
  • Property damage 486
  • Proportionality
  • Proprietary rights
  • Protection and Indemnity Clubs. see P&I Clubs
  • Provisional payments. see Interim payments
  • Proximate cause 881
  • Proximity
  • Public authorities
  • Public expectations and perceptions 441442
    • adverse publicity, economic effects. see economic effects
    • economic effects
      • cost of measures to prevent or minimise 902, 905
    • fishing and related industries
      • destruction of fish stocks to preserve public confidence 521523
      • marketing campaigns, fishing industry 533534
    • tourism
      • establishments outside polluted area 536537
      • Exxon Valdez 4851
      • tourism promotion campaigns 542544
      • “touristic image”, loss of 489, 543
    • nature and extent of damage 12761277
  • Public interest 5
  • Public law 1184
  • Publicity. Media reports. see Public expectations and perceptions
  • Pumping operations 39, 125, 458460, 484, 1047, 1263
  • Vessels. Design of vessels. see “Ship”, Tankers
  • Vessels communications equipment 1016
  • Vessel Movement Reporting System 1017
  • Vessel Response Plans 10341038, 10921112. see also Contingency plans, Response measures
  • Vessel traffic services 10171018
  • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 1218, 106, 346, 349, 445, 896, 902, 932
  • Voice data recorders (VDRs) 952
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 989
  • Yachts 548
  • York-Antwerp Rules. see General average, York-Antwerp Rules

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