Shipping and the Environment
Page 1329
Index
- Abnormally dangerous activities 570, 674, 1097
- Access to places of refuge. see Places of refuge for ships
- Access to territorial seas and ports 1044–1060
- Acts of God
- Act of war
- Acts or omissions
- Admiralty jurisdiction
- Admissibility of claims. see Claims
- Admittance to ports 616–617, 865–869, 873, 1044–1060
- Advertisements, OPA-90 claims procedure 258
- Agriculture, effect of oil spill on 1302
- Air pollution
- AIS 952, 1022–1025, 1239
- Alcohol testing 1316
-
Alter egos
- affiliates 722
- Amoco Cadiz 725–726
- arrest of ships 721
- CERCLA (United States) 724–725
- Civil Liability Conventions 381, 720
- companies 146, 721, 725
- continuity of enterprise theory 727
- costs 864–874
- damages 146, 152, 381
- dissolution 727–728
- enforcement 328
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- Fund Conventions 152
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 380
- insurance 810–811
- liability 720–727
- limitation of liability 152, 381, 720
- negligence 249–251, 392–396, 570
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 725
- parent/subsidiary liability 721–723, 725
- partnership 720, 723
- P&I Clubs 810–811
- piercing the corporate veil 720, 724–725
- registered owners 720–727
- shareholder liability 723–724
- sister ships 721
- subsidiaries 721–723, 725
- successor corporations 726–727
- United States 721–727
- Amoco Cadiz incident 38–39
- 1984 Protocols, led to 40–41
- alter egos, liability of 725–726
- associated parties, liability of 725–726
- Civil Liability Conventions
- common law, liability at 280–282, 491–502, 516–519, 569–574, 720
- economic loss 434–437
- fixed costs
- incident, summary 38
- intervention 1042–1043
- litigation in United States, summary 502
- managers, liability of 38, 40, 716, 718, 720, 726
-
Page 1330
- operators, liability of 261–267
- parent company, liability of 39, 138–139, 282, 725, 780
- salvage
- Angling clubs 547–548
- Antarctic. see Polar operations
- Anti-fouling Convention 1327
- Anti-fouling systems 994–997
- Aquacultural stocks 482, 520–525
- Aquatic invasive species 998, 1022–1027
- Arbitration
- Arctic. see Polar operations
- Area Contingency Plans 1078–1080
- Area exercises 1115–1116
- Arrest of ships
- actual fault or privity 38–40, 923–927
- alter egos 721
- burden of proof 927
- Civil Liability Convention 1969 168
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 167–169
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957 168
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 168
- national laws 167, 199, 218
- Nissos Amorgos 167–168, 201, 1250, 1280
- P&I Clubs 199, 770, 774, 1138
- public authorities 69, 201, 1250, 1280, 1283
- Seki 168
- sister 721
- Wreck Removal Convention 1138
- Asset Conservation Act (United States) 777, 785–787
- Assignment
- Automatic ship identification systems (AIS) 952
- Autonomous craft 92
- Autopilots 1013
- Average. see General average, Particular average
- Ballast and ballast voyages
- bunker spills 97, 102, 119, 337, 831
- Civil Liability Convention 1969 97
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- emissions 11, 942, 1022, 1026
- double hulls 1013
- Fund Convention 1992 129, 180, 1327
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 370
- MARPOL 973, 975
- OILPOL 54, 22, 464
- segregated ballast tanks 966
- Ballast Water Management Convention (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments) 1023
- Ballast water management in US 1001–1002, 1022–1029
- Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) 9, 82, 296, 348, 439, 709–712, 717, 806, 862, 1038, 1147–1149, 1193, 1220, 1225, 1262, 1324
- Bareboat charterers
- Civil Liability Conventions 102
- clean-up costs 670–671
- damages 670–671
- Fund Conventions 39, 102, 711, 1131
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 371
- indemnities 688–689
- instructions 141, 689
- insurance 711–712, 713
- joint and several liability 263, 341–342, 670–671, 712
- lender liability 775
- liability 670–671
- negligence 676
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 230–232, 670, 777
- P&I Clubs 713
- recourse liability 688–689
- responsible party 230–232, 670–671, 777
- standard forms 671, 688–689, 711
- strict liability 670
- Barges 107–108, 1104
- Basel BAN Amendment. see Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Waste
- Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Waste 1178–1184. see also Shipment of waste
- Basel BAN Amendment 1181–1182
- civil liability and compensation 1184
- control of movements between contracting states 1154–1159
- criminal liability and public law obligations 1184
- OECD Decision 1181–1182
- recycling of ships 1196–1208
- movements permissible subject to controls 1180–1181
- non-compliance with 1184
- prohibition of movements 1179–1180
- plastic waste 1183–1184
- scope 1178–1179
- “wastes”, meaning 1179, 1182
- wastes from ship operations 1190–1192
-
Page 1331
- BIMCO (Baltic and International Maritime Council) 9, 82, 296, 348, 439, 709–712, 717, 806, 862, 1038, 1147–1149, 1193, 1220, 1225, 1262, 1324
- Birds
- Blue cards 73, 161, 181–182, 301–302, 828, 839–841. see also P&I Clubs
- Bridge-to-Bridge Radio Telephone Act 1971 (United States) 1016
- Brussels Collision Convention. see Colliding ships
- Brussels Conference 1969 28–29
- Brussels Conference 1971 30–31
- Bulk carriers 81, 108–109, 337, 952–956
- Bunker emission clauses 709–711
- Bunker pollution 4, 72–73, 337–356. see also Bunkers Convention
- double bottoms 865, 873–874, 879, 882
- bulk carriers 81, 337, 952
- bunkering operations 355–356
- claims manual 447
- certification 301–302, 350–352, 825–827
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- clean-up 4, 337–338, 346–347, 350, 355, 670, 703, 897, 912–916, 922
- clean-up costs 868–870
- financial security 301–302, 350–352, 711, 737–738, 825–843
- container ships 337
- costs 864–874
- dry cargo ships 337
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- fishing vessels 355
- Fund Convention 1992 109, 1327
- general average 864
- IOPC Funds, unidentified ship 179–180
- limitation of liability 31, 72, 93, 339, 344–345, 348–350, 356, 670, 835, 900, 912, 916–917, 922, 1327
- national laws 350, 915, 917, 922
- negligence 732, 753
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 670
- pollution damage 341
- prevention
- preventive measures 434–435, 440–441, 872–873
- removal of fuel oil after accidents 4
- property damage 486
- public authorities 449–452
- salvage
- “ship” 340
- spills during bunkering operations 338, 356, 679, 1260, 1263
- strict liability 340, 393–396, 570
- tankers 353–355
- technical issues 56, 437, 522, 556
- threat removal 399–402, 408–409, 416–422
- unidentified ship, IOPC Funds 179–180
- Bunkers Convention 2001 72–73, 298, 339–356, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 825–827
- Admissibility of claims 344, 447
- background 72–73
- “bunker oil” 340–341
- certification 301–302, 350–352, 826–827
- channelling provisions, absence of 343, 653
- charterers 670, 685
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, relationship with 338, 344
- Diplomatic Conference, 2001 339, 343, 349
- financial security 301–302, 350–352, 825–843
- geographical scope 339–340
- “incident” 341
- insurer 338, 343–345, 350, 825–843, 896
- judgments, recognition and enforcement 352
- jurisdiction of courts 352
- liability
- insurer 344–345
-
Page 1332
- offshore operations and craft, applicability to 298
- parties liable 341
- “pollution damage” 341
- responder immunity, absence of 343, 662–663
- salvors 343, 653
- scope of liability” 340
- “ship” 340
- travaux préparatoires 349–350
- time limit for claims 352
- Camp sites 535, 1175, 1209, 1247
- Canada
- Carbon dioxide emissions 60
- Carbon monoxide 1020
- Cargo. see also Cargo interests
- bunker spills 4, 92, 102, 119, 123, 337–339, 371
- collision 751–752, 885
- contamination 887
- destruction 521–523
- general average 861–874, 876–879
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 369–370, 387–389
- insurance 876–879, 884
- lightering 1014–1016
- special compensation 619–620
- total loss 879–881
- Cargo interests
- clean-up costs 868–870
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 716–718
- contracts 323–324
- costs 864–874
- CRISTAL 29–30
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- IOPC Funds 30, 38–40, 53–57, 171–172, 175–177, 683–684, 701–705
- liability 668–699
- limitation of liability 699–701
- negligence 249–251, 392–396, 570
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 673,
- ownership 674–675
- potential liability 673–683
- recourse liability 685–699
- response costs 701–706
- sale contract terms 674
- salvage
- title 274, 388, 674
- Carriage by sea
- Catastrophe losses, effect on reinsurance of P&I risks 796
- Causation. see also Proximate cause
- Cedre 361, 365, 381, 437
- CERCLA (United States)
- act of God 404
- act of war 404–405
- acts or omissions of third parties 405–406
- administrative orders 415–420
- administrative record 422
- alter egos 720–727
- ambient defence 406
- “arbitrary and capricious” standard 423–425
- Certificates of Financial Responsibility 52
- claim provisions 426
- consumer products 412
- contribution 410–411
- criminal offences 1306–1307
- de minimis defence 410
- economic loss 503
- facilities 403, 412–413, 417–419
- financial responsibility 425–426
- guarantors 262–263
- Intervention on the High Seas Act (United States) 421–422
- joint and several liability 403, 410, 413
- judicial review 422–425
- legislative history 398–399
- lender liability 776–787
- limitation of liability 413
- mini-Superfund 425
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- National Priorities List 399, 401, 1074
- natural resource damage 411
- operators 412–413, 719, 776
- penalties, under. see Fines
- petroleum exclusion 400
- record of decision 401
- recovery actions 409–410
-
Page 1333
- “release” 400
- remedial actions 408–409
- removal action 400, 402, 409, 419–420
- reopener provisions 408
- response actions 399–401
- risk assessment 401–402
- Santa Clara 395, 404, 414, 417–419, 423
- section 106 orders 415–420
- ship managers 719
- shipowners 412–413
- state law 425
- statute of limitations 426–427
- strict liability 393–396
- “sufficient cause” 419–420
- Superfund 398–399
- Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) 399, 408–409, 416, 419, 427
- third parties 396–397
- Certificates of Financial Responsibility
- Certification. see also Certificates of Financial Responsibility, Financial security
- bunker spills 102
- double hulls, alternatives to 966, 1193
- insurance 350–352
- International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate 263, 963, 1010, 1094, 1104, 1266
- manning 1005, 1009, 1228
- MARPOL 962–963, 972, 978, 985, 995, 999, 1002
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 229–254, 670–673, 1011–1018, 1302–1306
- standards 1228
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- Charterers 667–714. see also Bareboat charters
- acts or omissions 675–683
- Aegean Sea 700–701, 901–904
- Athos I, 260–261, 692–694
- assignment 704–705
- bunker spills 679, 685, 686
- Bunkers Convention 2001 343, 685, 686, 718
- causation 698
- CERCLA (United States) 671–672, 688
- channelling provisions 138–139, 669–670, 681, 684–687, 702
- charterparty clauses 706–713
- Civil Liability Convention 140–142, 145, 669, 686–687, 703–704, 705, 920–921
- clauses 706–713
- common law 6
- compensation 686–687, 694–697
- contracts 674, 687–688, 704–705
- contributions 686–688, 701–703
- controls on ship safety standards 1247–1248
- costs 703–706
- damages 686, 704–705
- dangerous goods 679–680, 694–698
- defences 686
- delay 544–546
- delegation 671
- due diligence 676–678, 682, 692–693, 695–696, 707–710
- employment clause 698–699
- environmental damage 668, 694, 698, 702–703
- expenses 703–705
- financial responsibility 671, 677, 712
- Fund Conventions 669, 687, 703–705, 711, 716
- hazardous and noxious substances 669, 671–672, 679–680, 694–690
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 669, 704–705
- HNS Fund 669, 687, 704–705
- inadequate stowage 679–680
- indemnities 669, 686–689, 698–699. 694–696, 700, 710–711
- inspection 675–676, 680–683, 707–708, 1247–1248
- insurance 713–714
- IOPC Funds 701–705
- joint and several liability 670–671, 681
- law of individual states 673–675
- liability 668–698
- liability for waste disposal 668, 683–685, 711
- limitation of liability 699–701, 892, 901, 919–921
- negligence 675–683
- negligent choice of carrier 680–683
- OCIMF 682, 708–709, 1247–1248. see also OCIMF
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 281, 670–673, 679, 687–688, 697, 711
- oil transfer operations 679
- “operators” 670–673
- orders 689, 698–699
- P&I Clubs 705, 706, 707, 711–712, 713–714, 795, 814
- personal injuries 676
- potential liability 673–675
- potentially responsible parties 688
- pre-emption provisions 36, 51, 1021
- prevention 19, 61, 263, 673, 682, 709, 712, 1008, 1033, 1190, 1247–1248, 1255
- property damage 701, 919
- reasonableness 683
-
Page 1334
- recovery 701–706
- reimbursement 704, 706–707
- remedies 698
- response 701, 703–704
- response measures 687, 705–706, responsible parties 670–671, 673, 687–688, 712
- safe berths 689–699
- safe ports 689–699
- shipowners 686, 703–705
- stowage 679–680
- strict liability 608–673
- subrogation 686–688, 704–705
- substandard vessels 680–683, 703
- terminal operator, liability as 677–679
- third parties 677, 687, 704
- time charterparties 671–673, 673–674, 689–698
- US State law 673–674
- unsafe berths 689–693
- unsafe ports 689–693
- vetting programmes 12, 680, 683, 685, 703, 707–709, 1247–1248
- vicarious liability 676
- voyage charterparties 671–673, 679–683, 688–698
- warranties 689–694, 810–811, 824
- wreck removal 667, 670, 686, 690
- Charterparty clauses 706–713
- Charts 764
- Chemicals
- Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992 (CLC) 97–170
- CLC 69
- CLC 92
- act of God. see natural phenomenon
- acts or omissions of claimants 136–137
- admissibility of claims. see claims
- agents of shipowner, liability excluded by 141–143
- arrest 167–168
- background 29, 39–41, 53–54, 57–58, 97–98
- bareboat charters 775
- builder, liability not excluded by 38, 141, 143
- bunker spills 97, 102, 109–119, 353–356
- cases not covered by Conventions 93
- causation 126–127
- certification 161, 826–827
- channelling provisions. see exclusion of other remedies
- charterers
- charts, as navigational aids 136
- claims
- classification societies 143–144
- clean-up operations
- colliding ship, owner of 730–732
- collision 751–752, 885
- combination carriers 102–103, 109–114
- CMI Guidelines on Oil Pollution Damage 10, 445, 1328
- compensation
- compulsory insurance. see financial security
- conduct of owner barring limitation 145–147
- consistent application, importance of 17, 80, 284, 349, 443, 490
- contamination. see also Environmental damage
-
Page 1335
- damage not caused by 486–487
- escape or discharge oil 487
- equipment 467–468
- fisheries. see also Fishing industry and related industries
- fish farms 482, 520–521, 530
- loss or damage, cause of 468–469
- property damage 486
- sampling 1268–1270
- technical considerations 437–442
- water supplies 526
- wild fish and other seafood 523–525
- corporate veil 720, 724–725
- costs of clean-up operations and preventive measures
- equipment, residual value 467–468
- fixed costs 444, 450, 463–457, 650, 1058
- generally 449–454, 457, 464–465, 468–478
- IOPC Funds, practice of 465–467
- meaning of “costs” 649–650
- persons entitled to claim 451–454
- pre-spill costs 418, 432, 475, 593
- reasonableness of costs 454–462, 544
- salvage operations and related measures 473
- criteria for admissibility of claims. see claims, Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- default in maintenance of navigational aids. see maintenance of navigational aids
- definitions 101–129
- denunciation of CLC 559
- direct action against insurer 825–854
- economic loss. see also Economic loss
- enforcement of judgments 163–168, 352–353, 390
- entry into force 13–14, 362–363
- exceptions to liability 1141, 1301
- act or omission of claimant 378
- natural phenomenon 132–133, 187–188
- malicious acts 133–134
- default in maintenance of navigation aids 134–136
- exclusion of other remedies (channelling provisions)
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- fault 242–248, 759–760
- financial limits
- financial security 161–162, 181–183, 301–302, 382–383, 711, 737–738, 825–843, 1138–1140
- fisheries. see contamination, Fishing and related industries
- Fund Convention, relationship with 150–151
- general average, relationship with 876
- geographical scope 99–101
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- health claims 434
- incident
- indemnity, insurer’s right of against shipowner 669, 687, 828, 839
- insurance
- insurer, direct liability of 827–834
- interim payments 158–160, 196–205, 932–936
-
Page 1336
- intervention
- joint and several liability 131, 342, 670–671, 715–716
- judgments
- jurisdiction of courts
- lender liability 775–788
- liability 129–137, 179–181
- lights 763–764
- Limitation Convention 1976
- limitation fund
- limitation of actions 163
- limitation of liability
- loss of profit. see also Economic loss
- maintenance of navigational aids, default in. see exceptions to liability
- malicious acts. see exceptions to liability
- marine environment, claim for damage to, admissibility 564–565
- mobile offshore units 283, 299, 371–372
- natural phenomenon. see exceptions to liability
- natural resources. see marine environment
- navigational aids, default in maintenance of. see exceptions to liability
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- occurrence
- oil
- oil barges 107–108
- owner, definition 101–102
- P&I Clubs 140, 147, 154–155
- parties liable under 341–342
- persistent oil, definition 123–124
- personal injury 469–470, 487–488, 676–677, 733–734
- piercing the corporate veil 720, 724–725
- pilots 760–761
- pollution damage
- port state control 958–959, 979, 985–986
- preventive measures 100–101, 178–179, 207–208, 343–344
- property damage 486
- Protocol 1976 936–937
- Protocol 1984 40–41
-
Page 1337
- proximate cause
- proximity
- public authorities. see also clean-up operations, Clean-up, Clean-up costs
- pure economic loss. see Economic loss
- “pure threat” situation. see incident, pre-spill costs
- ratification, 1992 Protocol 54
- recognition of judgments 166–168, 352–353
- recourse, owner’s rights of 145
- registered owner 720–729, 1131
- relationship between conventions
- remedies
- residues, meaning of 114–117
- revision
- sale and leaseback, liability of owner 102, 688
- salvage. see salvors, Salvage
- salvors
- scope of 99–129
- ship
- background 41, 102–123
- combination carriers (OBOs) 108–109
- consideration by IOPC Funds 104–105
- definition 102–123
- incident involving two or more 129, 374
- oil barges 107–108
- preparatory works 105–106
- residues, meaning of 114–117
- seagoing vessel and seaborne craft, meaning of 106–107, 296–298
- small 151
- state-owned ships 123, 184
- tanker in ballast 180, 831
- unladen vessels 109–118
- vessels adapted for carriage of oil 108, 353
- vessels carrying cargo other than persistent oil 123–124
- vessels used for storage 120–122
- vessels used for storage and carriage 122–123
- warships 123
- ship builders 143
- ship financiers 776
- ship managers 716–718
- shipowners
- small tankers 72, 122, 151, 1015
- state immunity 137, 853–854
- state-owned ships 123, 184
- status in contracting states 1154–1159
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- sunken wrecks
- terminal operators 677–679
- territorial sea 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
- terrorism 66–67, 133–134, 821–822, 1116
- time limit for proceedings 162–163, 192
- tonnage 151–152
- transitional period 54, 93, 462, 850
- two or more ships 129, 374
- two-tier system 59, 359
- unladen vessels 109–118
- war risks 132, 184, 821–822
- warships 123
- wilful misconduct
- wrecks
- Civil Liability Directive (EU) 72
- Claims. see also Damages, Legal proceedings
- admissibility
- domestic laws 19–20, 435–437, 735–737, 747–749, 907, 911–913, 1289–1290
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990, see United States
- manual. see Claims Manual (IOPC Funds)
- pollution compensation regimes
- admissibility 432–435
- Bunkers Convention 344
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- Fund Convention 1992 432, 444, 461, 469–470
- clean-up costs. see Clean-up costs
- economic loss. see Economic loss
- general principles 432–435
- IOPC Funds’ admissibility criteria 54–57, 137–138, 185–186, 432, 445–447, 461–462, 466–467, 511–515, 562–568
- natural resources, damage to. see Natural resources
- property damage. see Property Damage
- preventive measures. see Preventive measures, Clean-up costs
- settlement procedures 194–206
- pollution damage. see pollution compensation regimes
- removal costs. see United States
- technical considerations 437–442
- United States
- wreck removal 1127, 1135, 1136–1138, 1140–1141
- Claims Manual (IOPC Funds) 178, 446–447
- Class actions
- Classification societies
- charterers 1244–1247
- controls on ship safety standards 72, 91, 141–146, 308, 703, 824, 972, 1060, 1244–1247
- International Association of Classification Societies 9, 963, 1245–1246
- liability for pollution 141–146, 703
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 229–254, 670–673, 1011–1018, 1302–1306
- ships, vetting programmes 1246, 1248
- standards 1244–1246
- CLC. see Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992
- Clean Air Act (United States) 1020–1022, 1307
- Clean ballast tanks (CBTs) 114, 966
- Clean-up. see also Clean-up costs, Preventive measures
- bulk oil 456
- contamination 434
- dispersants 455–456
- onshore operations 58
- offshore operations 312
- personal injuries, clean-up workers 396, 558
- public authorities 449–450
- reasonableness 454–462, 544
- recovery of oil at sea 455
- rehabilitation of wildlife 457
- repairs 881
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- restoration 440–441, 605
- salvage 868–870
- shipowners 917
- shoreline operations 456–457
- technical issues 454, 556
- Clean-up costs 449–480
- bareboat charterers 688
- bunker spills 321
- cargo owners 668–672, 683–684, 688, 692
- CERCLA (United States) 406–407, 425–427, 783–785
- charterers 668
- claims 346–347, 425–427
- Clean Water Act (United States) 36, 45, 66, 217, 391, 574
- commercial tensions 1162
- contractors 66, 78, 245, 279, 304, 321, 338, 453
- deductions 453
- definition 45
- economic loss 411, 431
- equipment 467–468
- expenses 346, 453, 869, 873
- fines 407
- financial responsibility 78, 321
- Fund Conventions 36, 55, 127, 683–684, 868–689
- general average 868–870
- government authorities 731
- Hazardous and Substances Convention 365–366, 372–373
- indemnities 325–335, 778
- interest groups 453
- IOPC Funds 29–30, 38–40, 53–56, 461–462, 466–467
- lender liability 775–788
- limitation fund 201, 346
- limitation of actions 255–256, 268, 279, 426–427
- limitation of liability 901–903
- measures taken by contractors 338, 453
- national laws 218, 683
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Page 1339
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 229–254, 670–673, 1011–1018, 1302–1306
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund 78, 243, 260, 279, 338, 668, 693, 736
- OPRC Convention 1990 1328
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- overhead 238–239, 409, 464, 466
- owners’ expenses 160–161, 451–452
- P&I Clubs 194–195
- persons entitled to claim 451–454
- plant 86, 439, 463–464, 555, 572, 783
- prevention 217
- reasonableness 454–462, 544
- US hazardous and noxious substances 431
- VAT 468
- volunteers 453
- Clean Water Act (United States) 45, 224–229, 397–398, 420–421, 568–572, 575–577, 1302–1306
- administrative penalties 227, 1324
- aquatic invasive species 1022–1029
- ballast water management 74–75, 1001–1002, 1022–1029
- causation 568
- causes of discharge 278, 754, 1143
- action, of 278
- CERCLA 415–420
- clean-up costs 868–870
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- damages 238–240
- defences 334, 779
- enforcement 228–229
- Environmental Protection Agency 47, 226–227, 235, 311, 391, 1020, 1023–1025, 1073, 1151, 1209, 1328
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- financial responsibility 261–267
- fines 1298, 1312
- hazardous substances 45, 224, 391, 397, 403, 420, 574, 580, 671, 779, 1071, 1098, 1143, 1298, 1302
- immunity 754, 1098
- knowledge 403, 754, 779, 1172, 1312
- liability 36, 45, 66, 217, 224
- limitation of actions 255–256, 268, 279, 426–427
- limitation of liability 334, 779, 1298
- masters 49
- mobile offshore units 283, 299, 371–372
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- natural resources 568–574, 572–574
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- notice 420, 1143
- “oil” 123–124
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 229–254, 670–673, 1011–1018, 1302–1306
- P&I Clubs 334, 754, 1098
- penalties 227–228
- pre-emption provisions 36, 51, 1021
- pre-spill costs 418, 432, 475, 593
- prohibited discharges 224–225
- property damage 486
- reporting 225–227
- response 399–401, 408–409, 416–417
- “significant harm to the environment” 226, 1314
- state law 36, 66, 217, 239–240
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- third parties 232–233
- threats of discharge 1023, 1170
- US Coast Guard 219, 391, 1023, 1025
- US hazardous and noxious substances 1009
- “vessels” 574
- wilful misconduct 334–335, 811–813
- Climate change. see Greenhouse gas emissions
- Clingage 22, 114
- CMI. see Comité Maritime International
- Coal 370, 376, 699, 1169
- Coastal state control 1240–1244
- Coastal states
- COFR. see Certificates of financial responsibility
- Colliding ships 729–752. see also Collision Convention
- admissibility of pollution claims
- apportionment of blame 732–737
- Collision Convention. see Collision Convention
- contribution, liability to pay 742
-
Page 1340
- financial security 161–162, 181–183, 301–302, 382–383, 711, 737–738, 825–843, 1138–1140
- innocent cargo rule 734, 736
- insurance of liabilities 751
- IOPC Funds, subrogation rights arising from 208–209, 750–751
- liability for claims
- by parties suffering pollution damage
- by owners of colliding ship
- limitation of liability
- Maritime Conventions Act 1911 (UK) 734, 742, 745
- non-contracting states, application in 1179–1180
- parties suffering pollution damage 730–740
- pollution caused by both ships 740
- recourse claims by compensation bodies 750–751
- Running Down Clause (RDC) 751, 885
- spilling and non-spilling ships 730
- time limits
- traffic separation schemes (TSS) 33, 948
- Collision Convention
- Collision insurance 751
- expenses 886–887
- liability to third parties 838–839
- COLREGs (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea) 32–33
- Combination carriers 108–109
- Comité Maritime International (CMI)
- Bunkers Convention 350
- Civil Liability Convention 1969 10, 28–29
- Colloquium, Genoa (1992) 56
- comparative law study 56, 443–444, 502, 558
- Conferences
- details of 9–10
- Guidelines on Oil Pollution Damage 10, 445, 1328
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 59, 361
- IMO Guidelines on Fair Treatment of Seafarers 1280
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 (LLMC) 910, 920, 934
-
Page 1341
- York-Antwerp Rules. see General average, York-Antwerp Rules
- Communications equipment 1016
- Companies
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980 (United States). see CERCLA
- Compromise. see Settlements
- Compulsory insurance. see financial security
- Conciliation 1042, 1142
- Conflict of laws 16
- Consequential loss
- Constructive total loss 804, 812, 815, 880, 882, 1119
- Containers
- Contaminated sites 408–412, 427, 823
- Contiguous zones
- Continental Shelf
- Contingency plans. see also National Contingency Plan
- clean-up costs 477, 868–870
- equipment 464
- EU 69, 1060–1062
- OPRC 1990 12, 52–53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062–1063, 1064–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- public authorities 942, 1030, 1043, 1048, 1056–1058, 1066
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- sheltered waters 69, 1047–1052, 1058
- shipboard oil pollution emergency plans 1064, 1111–1112
- United States 1071–1092
- Contract Regarding an Interim Supplement to Tanker Liability. see CRISTAL
- Contractors
- Contracts. see also Contractors, Privity of contract
- Contribution
- Contributory negligence
- Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships 994–997
- Convention. see Treaties and conventions
- Coral reef damage 433, 615, 806–807
- Covid-19 pandemic
- Crew. see Manning
- Criminal liability 1249–1324
- air pollution 1264–1265
- bail
- custodial penalties, restrictions on 1273
- defendants 1262, 1271, 1279
- detention of seafarers
- discharge of garbage 980, 1173
- discharge of harmful substances in packaged form 1031
- discharge of noxious liquid substances 1258
- discharge of oil 233–234, 487
- discharge of sewage 576, 978, 1264
- domestic laws 19–20, 435–437, 735–737, 747–749, 907, 911–913, 1289–1290
- relationship with international law 1289–1290
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship- source Pollution 1292–1297
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- French legislation 1290–1292
- MARPOL 1973 Conference records 292, 1296
- territorial sea 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
- UNCLOS 6, 99, 943, 949, 1233, 1272, 1292, 1295–1297, 1327
- dumping of waste 1153–1154
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution 1292–1297
- evidence 1265–1271
- fair treatment of defendants 1279
- French legislation 1290–1292
- imprisonment, restrictions on 1272–1273
- London Dumping Convention 1972, under 1151, 1158–1159, 1172
- MARPOL and domestic laws 1289–1290
- MARPOL Annexes I and II, under 1252–1263
- MARPOL Annexes III–VI, under 1263–1265
- national laws. see domestic laws
- penalties 1310–1313
- aggravating and mitigating factors 1263, 1275, 1309
- ability to pay fine 1278
- action to prevent recurrence 1276
- amount spilt 1276–1277
- cause of violation 1276
- clean-up 1309
- co-operation with authorities 1277–1278
- extent of damage 1276–1277
- guilty plea 1277–1278
- intent 1275–1276
- motive 1276
- onus of proof 927
- previous convictions 1278–1279
- regret expressed 1278
- response measures 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- custodial penalties, restrictions on 1273
- false statements 1274
- imprisonment, restrictions on 1272–1273
- internal waters, offences in 1273
- level 1275–1279
- mitigating factors 228, 1275, 1278. see also aggravating and mitigating factors
- maritime safety issues 1293
- obstruction of justice 1274
- types 1272–1275
- violation of laws other than for prevention of pollution 1240–1241
- aggravating and mitigating factors 1263, 1275, 1309
- regional laws. see domestic laws
- SOLAS, under 1229, 1236
- United States 1298–1299. see also Criminal liability (United States)
- Criminal liability (United States)
- alcohol testing 1316–1317
- Assimilated Crimes Act 1299
- birds 1301
- casualty investigation 955, 1061, 1162, 1229
- formal 1061
- CERCLA (United States) 1310
- civil liability and 1184
- Clean Water Act (United States) 1301–1302
- Coast Guard role in investigations 1313–1319 “
- “contiguous zones” 944
- corporate officers and directors 1310
- corporations 1310–1311
- criminal fines 1308–1310
- defences 1281
- directors 1310
- “discharge of pollutant” 879, 1302
- drugs 1012, 1274, 1312
- enforcement 1232, 1240
- evidence 1265–1271
- Exxon Valdez 48–51
- false information 1197, 1305–1307
-
Page 1343
- federal statutes 1300–1308
- fines 1308–1310
- Fifth Amendment 1317–1318
- formal marine casualty investigations 955, 1061, 1162, 1229
- general criminal statutes 1308
- hazardous waste 1200–1208
- immunity 1318
- inspections 1270–1271
- ISM Code 252, 1303, 1311, 1313
- knowing endangerment 1304
- knowledge 77, 1289
- Law of the Sea Convention 1040, 1272, 1306
- legal representation 1318
- loss doubling provision 1309
- manning 1011–1012
- Marine Board of Investigation 1316
- “marine casualty” 1313–1317
- marine casualty investigations 955, 1061, 1162, 1229
- MARPOL 1252–1265, 1289–1290
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (United States) 1301–1302
- National Pollution Discharge Elimination System 1302
- natural resources 19, 1274, 1298, 1302, 1308, 1324
- “navigable waters” 219–220, 234–236
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- notice 1314
- “ocean” 1303
- Oil Record Book 965–966, 969
- oily water separators 67, 1319
- P&I Club 1284
- penalties 1271–1279
- “person” 1303
- “point source” 1023, 1149, 1302
- “pollutant” 1252, 1268, 1302–1303, 1306
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States) 1004–1006
- refuse 1310
- Refuse Act 1300–1301
- reporting 1250, 1266–1270, 1294, 1313, 1318
- “responsible corporate officer” 1312–1313
- Rivers and Harbors Act 1899 (United States) 222–224, 1300–1301
- self-incrimination 1271, 1317, 1323
- Sentencing Reform Act 1308–1309
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- territorial sea 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
- Thompson memorandum 1311
- United States 67, 1256–1257, 1310–1313
- US Coast Guard 67, 1255, 1313–1318
- wildlife 1308
- Criminalization
- fair treatment of defendants 1279
- CRISTAL 29–30
- Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- Crude oil washing 968–969
- Cyber risks
- “Damage” (Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010), definition 372–373, 1261–1262
- Damage to property. see Property damage
- “Damage to the environment” (Salvage Convention 1989). see also Salvage
- Damages
- alter egos 720–727
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- bunker spills 718, 732
-
Page 1344
- CERCLA (United States) 411–412
- charterers 704–705
- charterer’s liability 679–680, 694–698
- claims 435–436
- contracts 323–324
- dangerous goods see also Hazardous and noxious substances, Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010, IMDG Code
- double recovery 605
- economic loss 434–437
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- lender liability 775–788
- limitation of actions 255–256, 268, 279, 426–427
- measure of
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- nuisance 569–570
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 238–240
- P&I Clubs 800
- punitive 331–332, 800
- recourse action by shipowner 917–919
- Refuse Act (United States) 1300–1301
- trespass to land 570
- United States 331–332, 411–412, 435–436, 569, 704–705
- US state law 498–501
- De minimis provisions 225, 234, 406, 410, 427
- Declarations 376
-
Deepwater Horizon
- blowout preventer 230, 306
- civil litigation 270, 314–317
- contractual allocation of risk 323, 330–332
- damage assessments 258
- economic loss 506
- explosion and fire 21, 276, 283, 304–310, 314–315
- dispersants 310, 313–314, 1098
- Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF) 313
- Gulf Coast Restoration Fund 314
- fines and penalties 257, 331–332
- Halliburton 306–308, 315–316, 331–332
- incident, summary 306–308
- investigations 308–309
- US Coast Guard 308
- legislative and regulatory response 313–314
- natural resource damages 311–312, 314, 317, 591, 602–603
- OPA-90
- response to incident 309–311, 1085–1086, 1098
- settlements 313, 317
- spill impacts 311–313
- Transocean Holdings LLC (Transocean) 306–309, 314–317, 329–332, 506–507
- Deepwater Port Act (United States) 46–47
- Delay
- Demise charters. see Bareboat charters
- Department of Homeland Security 64, 1073, 1086
- Desalination plants 483
- Detention of ships
- Director of IOPC Funds. see IOPC Funds
- Directors, criminal liability 1310
- Dismantling of vessels. see Recycling of ships
- Dispersal, natural. see Dissipation
- Dispersants, use of 310, 314, 1098
- Dissipation, natural 123, 438, 1045, 1277
- Dissolved corporations 727
- Diversion of ships 546
- Documentary sources 1325–1328
- Domestic laws. see National laws
- Double bottoms. see also Bunker spills, Double hulls
- Double hulls 1013
- Drills 64, 659, 1080, 1093, 1109, 1115
- Drugs 1012, 1274, 1312
- Dry cargo vessels 64–66, 78, 1111
- Due diligence
- Dumping at sea. see London Dumping Convention 1972 and 1996 London Protocol
- Ecological damage. see Environmental damage
- Economic loss 434–437
- angling clubs 548
- agriculture 269, 311, 407, 692, 1073
- aquaculture 438, 451, 458, 521, 567, 572, 1079
- bright line rule 494
- bunker spills 718, 732
- business interruption 544–546
- causation 512–520, 535, 538–540
- CERCLA (United States) 503–504
- charterers of ships 704–705
- civil law 502, 515–516
- claims 435–436
- clean-up 544–547
- clean-up costs 868–870
- commercial fishermen in United States 502–507
- common law 280–282, 491–502, 516–519, 569–574, 720
- compensation 491
- consequential 329, 484–485, 547–548
- contamination 520–521, 523–526
- contracts 323–324
- contributory negligence 136–137, 378, 469, 514, 731, 753, 760, 763, 821
- costs 864–874
- damages 524–525
- decided cases 467, 515, 777, 904, 927
- definition 489
- delay to ships 544, 979
- diversion of shipping 546
- employees 534, 549–551
- false invoices 552–554
- ferry operators 538–539, 546
- fishing industry and related claims
- aquacultural establishments 438, 451, 458, 521, 567, 572, 1079
- box manufacturer 529–530
- buyers 489, 509, 520, 526
- cessation or reduction of activities 526
- commercial fishermen in United States 502–507
- contamination of equipment 525–526
- contamination of stocks fish farms 482, 520–52
- contamination of water supplies 526
- depuration 520–522, 525–526
- destruction of stocks 521–523
- diver 529, 546, 550
- employees
- equipment, contamination of 525–526
- exclusion zones
- false invoices 552–554
- feed suppliers 530
- fish buyers 489, 509, 520, 526
- fish farms 482, 520–521, 530
- fish porters 530
- fish processors
- fish selling agents 527
- fish traders 527
- fishermen 497–501, 520
- fishing bans
- fishing industry and related claims 435–436
- future income, loss of 524–525
- government orders 521–523
- harvesting restrictions
- haulage and transport companies 530–531
- ice factory 530
- interruption 525–526, 544–546
- invoices 552
- loss of market 531–533
- marketing campaigns 533–534
- net makers and repairers 529–530
- offal collector 530
- porters 530
- price reduction 531–533
- processors
- public confidence 521–523
- public perceptions 441–442. see also publicity
- reduced catches 523–524
- reduced demand for goods or services 529–531
- reduction in prices and/or sales 531–533
- sales reduction 531–533
- salmon, farming methods 516, 526
- sampling 1268–1270
- selling agents 527
-
Page 1346
- smolt suppliers 518
- stocks, contamination of
- testing 522
- traders 527–529
- university study, claim reliant on 520
- unlicensed activities 551–552
- water supplies, contamination of 526
- wild fish and other sea food 523–525
- foreseeability 395–396, 491–495
- France 1257–1258
- Fund Conventions 540, 545, 547
- future income, loss of 524–525
- insurance 548
- interference with contractual claims 494–496
- international conventions. see also fishing industry and related claims, tourist industry and related claims, claims relating to
- invoices 552
- IOPC Funds 446–460
- limitation of liability 906
- Lloyd’s Open Form 657–658
- loss of income 551–552
- loss of market 531–533
- loss of use or enjoyment 548
- Louisiana 276, 494, 499–500, 506–509
- marketing 533–534
- media coverage, adverse effects of 41, 513, 531, 536, 539, 558, 1046
- miscellaneous types of claim 546–547
- national courts 443
- national laws, general principles 330–331, 491–502
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- nuisance 569–570
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 504–507
- outline of problems 489–490
- physical damage 490–508, 545–547, 612–614
- pollution 496–501, 906
- pollution damage 126, 147–148, 341
- ports 546–548
- private actions 275, 420, 499, 1074–1075, 1081, 1084
- property damage 486
- proprietary rights 453, 481, 557, 902, 905
- proximate cause 881
- proximity 489–491, 501–502, 512–513, 517–520, 528–531, 534–536
- public perceptions 441–442. see also publicity
- publicity 450, 514, 531–534, 542–544
- pure 55–56, 490–498, 501–502, 511–520, 533–534, 545–547, 741–747, 901–906
- Robins Dry Dock 493–500, 504–510
- Salvage Convention 1989 “damage to the environment” 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- shipping 544–546
- social security 551
- state law 498–499, 508–510
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- technical issues 56, 437, 522, 556
- tourist industry and related claims
- beaches, operators of facilities on 537–538
- bed-and-breakfast accommodation 535
- camp sites 535, 1175, 1209, 1247
- car ferry operators 538–539, 546
- cash-and-carry wholesaler 540
- establishments at uncontaminated locations in polluted areas 536
- establishments outside polluted area 536–537
- ferry operators 538–539, 546
- general principles 534–535
- goods and services, suppliers of 540–541
- hotels 535–539
- image, loss of 489, 543
- laundry services 541
- medical practice 539
- postcard manufacturer 541
- promotion campaigns 542–544
- public bodies 463, 551
- public perceptions 441–442. see also Media reports, Public expectations
- restaurants 535–539
- retailers 537
- “second degree” claims 526–531, 539–542
- self-catering accommodation 535
- tax revenue 541–542
- tour operators 538
- tourism promotion campaigns 542–544
- “touristic image”, loss of 489, 543
- travel agents 538
- wholesale suppliers 540
-
Page 1347
- treaties and conventions 291, 902
- United Kingdom 492–493
- United States 493–501
- unlicensed activities 551–552
- yachts 548
- EEZ. see Exclusive economic zone
- Electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) 952
- Emergencies. see also Contingency plans
- Emissions 60–61, 82–84, 709–711, 983–994
- Employees. see also Manning
- Enforcement. see also Enforcement of judgments
- alcohol testing 1316
- alter egos 720–727
- CERCLA (United States) 399, 407–409, 416
- Clean Water Act (United States) 228–229, 421
- Criminal offenses 1315
- drug testing 1315
- hazardous or noxious substances 31, 372, 462, 621, 733, 1063, 1132
- hazardous waste 1200–1208
- MARPOL 985–986
- pollution prevention 985–986
- standards 1227–1248
- Enforcement of judgments
- Environmental damage. see also Natural resources
- assessment. see Natural resources
- bunker spills 718, 732
- compensation. see Marine environment, Natural resources
- “damage to the environment” (Salvage Convention 1989)
- damages. see Natural resources
- ecological damages, awards 70, 80, 148, 437, 568, 577, 656
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 590–600
- policy considerations 443–444, 556–558
- post-incident studies 565–568
- salvors. see also Salvage
- duties of salvor 615–617
- duties of shipowner and other parties 616–617
- efforts to prevent or minimise pollution damage
- liability for pollution damage 517, 702, 738, 849
- moral damages, awards 70, 80, 148, 190, 437, 852
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- technical issues 56, 437, 522, 556
- Environmental Protection Agency (United States)
- Equipment 467–468
-
Page 1348
- cargo owner, liability for pollution 668, 684–685, 702, 704
- changes in law and practice, led to
- coastal state control 1240–1244
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship- source Pollution 1292–1297
- increase in compensation limits 139, 142, 151, 187
- Maritime Assistance Services (MAS) 1032–1033
- quality shipping, measures to promote 91, 1246
- single hull tankers
- Special Coastal Maritime Court 1258
- STOPIA and TOPIA 151, 213
- Supplementary Fund 209–213
- charterer, liability for pollution
- CLC 92 and Fund Convention 1992
- criminal proceedings
- disposal of waste 684–685
- ecological damages 47–48
- economic loss 434–437
- Erika I 68–69
- Erika II 69, 82, 802, 1060
- Erika III 72, 1060
- EU Waste Framework Directive, liability under 683–684
- fair treatment of defendants 1279
- incident, summary 68–70
- major oil company
- moral damages 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
- Third Intersessional Working Group, 1992 Fund 68–72, 104, 164, 564, 1247
- vetting procedures 680–683
- waste, disposal 684–685
- Escort vessels 85, 274, 1045, 1052, 1059, 1242
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution 1292–1297
- EU Ship Recycling Regulation 1219–1223
- EU Waste Shipment Regulation 1185–1187
- Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
- Bunkers Convention 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- concept of, created by UNCLOS 6, 99, 943, 949, 1233, 1272, 1292, 1295–1297, 1327
- definition 945–946
- enforcement jurisdiction in 943, 946, 949, 1232, 1236, 1243, 1281
- establishment, notification 15, 1236
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- fisheries 520
- Fund Convention 1992 178
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- intervention 1120–1121, 1241–1242
- IOPC Funds 178
- legislative jurisdiction in 943–946, 1293–1296
- lightering 1014–1016
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 217, 221, 229, 234–235, 237, 261
- pollution preventive standards
-
Page 1349
- standards. see pollution preventive standards
- state intervention 1038–1044
- transshipment 472, 477, 624, 873, 1015
- United States 226, 397, 1022–1024, 1059, 1143
- Wreck Removal Convention 1127–1128
- Exercises 1102, 1115–1116
- Explosions
- Export controls on waste shipments 1185–1187
-
Exxon Valdez incident 48–51
- cargo owners and charterers 702
- cleanup 457
- criminal charges 48–49
- damages 48–50
- economic loss 48–50, 497–498, 507
- fines 48
- habitats 48
- indigenous people 48, 498
- manning 1014
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 556
- P&I Clubs 808, 814
- shareholder liability 726
- ship financiers 769
- response 52–53
- Facilities
- CERCLA (United States) 417–419
- definition 320
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- lender liability 775–788
- offshore 231, 283–285
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 231–231
- OILPOL 54, 22, 464
- OPRC 1990 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062, 1067–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- shore reception 34, 959, 978–981, 1010
- Fair treatment of seafarers 1280–1288. see also Criminal liability
- False invoices 552–554
- Federal Water Pollution Control Act (United States). see Clean Water Act
- Ferries 539, 989, 1025
- Finance. see Ship finance
- Financial responsibility. see also Certificates of Financial Responsibility, Financial security
- bunker spills 718, 732
- CERCLA (United States) 425
- charterers 704–705
- clean-up costs 868–870
- damages 261–267, 425–426
- evidence 1265–1271
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- fines 407
- fleet certificates 261
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- hazardous substances 1109–1110
- insurance 262–267
- jurisdiction 267–269
- legal proceedings 205–206, 211–212
- lender liability 775–788
- letters of credit 265
- navigable waters 219–220, 234–236
- notice 266
- offshore facilities 231
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51, 261–267
- operators 261–267
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States) 45–46
- penalties 261
- responsible party 230–232, 595
- self-insurance 264
- service of process 266
- shipowners 356–358
- state law 47
- sureties 265
- tonnage 151–152
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States) 46
- Financial security. see also Arrest, Financial responsibility, Guarantors, Security
- Blue Cards 839–841
- Bunkers Convention 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- Certification 161–162, 350–352, 382–383, 826–827, 962–963, 972, 978, 984–985, 995, 999, 1002, 1138–1140, 1219–1220, 1228
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- feature of compensation regimes 44
- HNS Convention 361–363, 487–488, 716–718
- providers
- sanctions risks 216, 801, 818, 833–834
- Wreck Removal Convention 298–299, 376, 435, 835–838
- Fines and penalties
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- clean-up costs 868–870
- Clean Water Act (United States) 224–228
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- Federal Sentencing Guidelines 1309–1310
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- hazardous waste 1200–1208
- loss doubling 1305–1309
-
Page 1350
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 224–228
- P&I Club cover 802–803
- Refuse Act (United States) 1300–1301
- Sentencing Reform Act 1984 (United States) 1308–1309
- wrecks 762–763, 1132–1135
- Fires
- Fishing and related industries. see also Fishing vessels
- aquacultural establishments 438, 451, 458, 521, 567, 572, 1079
- bans 525
- box manufacturer 529–530
- buyers 489, 509, 520, 526
- cessation or reduction of activities 526
- Civil Liability Convention 920–921
- claims by 435–436
- commercial fishermen in United States 502–507
- contamination of equipment 525–526
- contamination of stocks
- contamination of water supplies 526
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- depuration 520–522, 525–526
- destruction of stocks 521–523
- diver 529, 546, 550, 651, 664, 805, 1023, 1213
- economic loss 434–437
- employees 534, 549–551
- equipment 467–468
- exclusion zones
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- false invoices 552–554
- feed suppliers 530
- fish farms 482, 520–521, 530
- fishermen 497–501, 520
- foreseeability 395–396, 491–495
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- future income, loss of 524–525
- goods and services, reduced demand for 529–531
- government orders 521–523
- harvesting restrictions
- haulage 530–531
- ice factory 530
- interruption 525–526, 544–546
- invoices 552
- IOPC Funds 446–460
- licensing 46–47
- loss of future income 524–525
- loss of market 531–533
- loss of profits 504–505, 525–526
- marketing 533–534
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- national laws 520–531
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- net makers and repairers 529–530
- offal collector 530
- porters 530
- price reduction 531–533
- processors
- proof
- university study, claim reliant on 520
- property damage 486
- proximity 489–491, 501–502, 512–513, 517–520, 528–531, 534–536
- public confidence 521–523
- public perceptions 441–442
- publicity 450, 514, 531–534, 542–544
- reduced catches 523–524
- reduced demand for goods or services 529–531
- reduction in price and/or sales 531–533
- related industries 48–49, 527–529
- remoteness 491
- restrictions 168–168, 525, 744–745, 1235–1236
- salmon, farming methods 516, 526
- sampling 1268–1270
- selling agents 527
- slaughter of produce 549
- smolt 530
- stocks, contamination of
- testing 1315
- traders 527–529
- transport 122–123, 530–531
- water supplies, contamination of 526
- wild fish and other sea food 523–525
- Fishing vessels
-
Page 1351
- Fleet Factors 783–785
- Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). see Offshore craft
- Floating platforms. see Offshore craft
- Floating production, storage and offloading units (FPSOs). see Offshore craft
- Floating storage units (FSUs). see Offshore craft
- “Flying Dutchmen” 1047
- Foreseeability
- Forum non conveniens 164, 346, 509–510, 934
- FPSOs. see Offshore craft
- Friends of the Earth 1209–1213
- FSUs. see Offshore craft
- Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992 540, 545, 547. see also Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992, IOPC Funds
- Fund Convention 1971
- Fund Convention 1992
- arrest of ships, relevance to 167–168
- bunker spills 718, 732. see Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992
- cases not covered by 30
- charterers
- claims by 435–436
- recourse action against
- Civil Liability Conventions, relationship with 920–921
- claims
- compensation
- distribution 160, 189–192
- limits
- consistent application, importance of 147, 185, 444–445, 858, 924
- contributions. see IOPC Funds
- CRISTAL, comparison with 29–31
- criteria for admissibility of claims. see Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- economic loss. see Economic loss
- enforcement of judgments against shipowners 163–168, 352–353, 390
- entry into force 13–14, 362–363
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- financial limits. see limit of Funds’ liability
- geographical scope 99
- incident. see Civil Liability Conventions
- interest
- International Maritime Organization 7–8, 294–295, 1055–1060, 1231, 1236
- IOPC Funds. see IOPC Funds
- limit of Fund’s liability 187–192
- limitation of actions. see time limit for proceedings
- mobile offshore units 283, 299, 371–372
- mystery spill. see unidentified ship, pollution from
- natural resources. see Marine Environment
- oil barges 107–108
- owner, definition 101–102
- persistent oil 123–124
- pollution damage, definition (as per CLC 92) 126, 147–148, 341
- preventive measures. see Civil Liability Conventions
- property damage 486
- Protocol 1984 40–41
- United States, decision not to ratify 35
- Protocol 1992 54
- purpose 14
- receivers of oil. see IOPC Funds
- recourse, subrogation to rights of owner 158, 200, 208–209, 745, 751, 935
- relationship between Fund Conventions 461
- salvage and related operations
- ship
- ship owners, definition. see owner
- subrogation 158, 200, 208–209, 745, 751, 935
- time limits for proceedings
- transitional period 54, 93, 462, 850
- unidentified ships, pollution from 179–180
- Working Groups. see IOPC Funds, Intersessional Working Groups
- Garbage 980–983, 1264
- Gas industry. see Oil and gas industry
- General average
- bunker spills 718, 732
- burden of proof 927
- cargo 700–701
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- clean-up costs 868–870
- collision 751–752, 885
- Comité Maritime International 862
- common safety provisions 780
- contributions 876–877
- costs 864–874
- enhanced awards to salvors 618
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- Fund Conventions 472, 868–869, 876
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- insurance 861–863
- Institute Time Clauses (Hulls) 877–879
- IOPC Funds 866
- marine property insurance 904–906
- P&I Clubs 472, 859, 862, 879
- ports
- precautions 871–872
- preventive measures 864, 866–873, 876–878
- purpose of measures 471–472, 866–868
- repairs 881
- response 869–871
- Rule Paramount 872
- sacrifice 874
- salvage 919–920
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- special compensation 619–631
- Sydney Compromise 862, 868, 875, 878
- third parties 871, 874, 887
- total loss 879–881
- York-Antwerp Rules
- 1994 revision 862
- General Excess Loss Reinsurance Contract 796–797
- “Ghost Ships” 75, 1182, 1202, 1208–1211
- Gold franc
- Governing law
- Government authorities. see also Public authorities
- admittance to ports 1029, 1048
- enforcement. see Enforcement
- international compensation Conventions
- intervention. see Intervention Convention 1969
- official orders, cost of complying with
- P&I cover 799, 809
- particular average 879
- Pollution Hazard Clause 883–885
- preparedness, response and co-operation. see OPRC 1990, OPRC-HNS 2000
- United States
- Greenhouse gas emissions
- Greenpeace 10, 1162, 1199, 1201, 1203, 1206–1207, 1213
- Group actions. see Class actions
- Guarantees. see also Guarantors
- Guarantors. see also Guarantees
- Guidelines
- fines 1309–1310
- IMO Guidelines. see Table of International Instruments and Agreements
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- OPRC 1990 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062, 1067–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- penalties 261
- report of incident
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- Gulf of Mexico 1015–1016
- Gulf War 439, 1067
- Habitats
- Hazardous and noxious substances. see also Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention, Hazardous waste, US hazardous and noxious substances
- abnormally dangerous activities 1097
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- certification 161–162, 350–352, 382–383, 826–827, 962–963, 972, 978, 984–985, 995, 999, 1002, 1138–1140, 1219–1220, 1228
- charterers 704–705
- clean-up 391
- clean-up costs 868–870
- Clean Water Act (United States) 45, 224–229, 397–398, 420–421, 568–572, 575–577, 1302–1306
- containers 679, 902
- Dangerous Cargo Manifest 395, 697
- DOT Regulations 1019
- EU Environmental Liability Directive 2004 364–365
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- fines 1309–1310
- Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (United States) 1018
- IMDG Code 695, 977
- labelling 695, 953, 976–977, 982
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
-
Page 1354
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 51–52, 229–254, 670–673, 1011–1018, 1302–1306
- OPRC 1990 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062, 1067–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- penalties 261
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States) 1004–1006
- property damage 486
- registration statement 1019
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- stowage 679–680
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- terrorism 66–67, 133–134, 821–822, 1116
- Texas City Disaster 21, 92, 360, 396, 488, 694
- training 1101–1102
- transport 122–123, 530–531
- undeclared hazards 92
- uniformity 1020
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention (HNSC)
- HNSC 1996
- HNSC 2010
- acts or omissions 378, 675–683, 756–759, 924–925
- background to and adoption of 359–362
- ballast 370, 1327
- “Bulk HNS” 370, 380, 388
- carriage by sea 371–372
- channelling provisions 138, 652–653
- charterers 704–705
- chemicals 79, 360, 370
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- claims 435–436
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- coal 337, 370, 376
- compensation 383–390
- conduct 145–147
- containers 360, 376, 384
- contamination 299, 364, 368, 372, 435, 468, 487
- contracts 323–324
- contributory negligence 378, 469
- costs 864–874
- damage 372–373
- declarations 376
- “deeming” provision 212, 373
- definitions 369–374
- enforcement of judgments 1, 352–353, 390
- entry into force 13–14, 362–363
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- excluded claims 374–375
- excluded damage 375
- excluded ships 375–376
- exclusive economic zone 368, 376, 389, 397
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- explosions 21, 276, 283, 304–310, 314–315
- financial security 382–383
- fires 21, 276, 283, 304–310, 314–315
- geographical scope 368–369
- hazardous and noxious substances 369–371
- HNS Fund 383–387
- “incident” 373–374
- joint and several liability 131, 342, 670–671, 715–716
- limitation fund 201, 346
- limitation of liability
- mobile offshore units 283, 299, 371–372
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- “owner” 371
- “pollution damage” 126, 147–148, 341
- property damage 368, 372
- remedies 138–161, 378–379, 491
- residues 114–117
- scope 367–376
- security 161–162
- “ship” 371
- shipowners 376–383
- financially incapable of meeting obligations 844
- small ships 375
- social security 551
- state-owned ships 123, 184
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- territorial sea 368, 376
- threat removal 399–402, 408–409, 416–422
- time limits 1140
- tonnage 151–152
- unidentified ships 179–180
- Wreck Removal Convention 376
- Hazardous waste 1200–1208
- Health and safety at work 317
- Hebei Spirit incident 76–77
- HNS. see Hazardous and noxious substances
- HNS Fund. see Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention (HNSC), HNSC 2010
-
Page 1355
- Hotels 535–539
- Hull and cargo insurance 808, 859
- Hydra Insurance Co. Ltd 795–797
- ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) 388, 794, 1057, 1112–1113, 1231, 1324
- IGS (inert gas systems) 21, 360, 438, 1026
- ILO (International Labour Organization) 7, 75, 77, 1194, 1208, 1212, 1218, 1286
- IMCO (Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization). see International Maritime Organization
- IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods) Code 370, 375, 695–697, 953, 976–977
- Immunity. see also State immunity
- Clean Water Act (United States) 226
- conduct barring 145–147
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- prosecution, from 1318
- qualified individual 1096–1098
- responder 343, 767–768, 1098
- salvors and responder 662–663
- statutory immunity of charters 669–670
- suit under international conventions, from 760–761
- “use immunity” 226, 1305, 138
- IMO (International Maritime Organization)
- constitution 7–8
- documents 8, 1325
- GISIS 1325
- IMCO, formerly known as 7, 27, 28
- IMODOCS 1325
- IOPC Funds 173
- Legal Committee. see Legal Committee (IMO)
- MEPC. see Marine Environment Protection Committee
- Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS) 1231
- MSC. see Maritime Safety Committee
- online information 1325
- publications 1325
- Implementation of international law 15–16
- Import controls on waste shipments 1184–1185
- IMSAS (IMO Member State Audit Scheme) 1231
- “Incident”
- Incident Command System 1112–1115
- Incineration 989–990
- Indemnification under Fund Convention 1971 200
- Indemnities
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- CERCLA (United States) 410
- charterers 704–705
- clean-up costs 868–870
- contribution, and 254–257
- employment clause in time charter 698–699
- environmental risks 325–329
- exceptions 332–335
- and guarantees 778
- insurer’s right against owner 838
- issues relating to 329–335
- lender liability 775–788
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 254–256
- scope 331–332
- Indigenous persons 48
- Industry controls on ship safety standards 1244–1247
- Industry developments
- Industry schemes. see TOVALOP, CRISTAL, STOPIA, TOPIA
- Inert gas systems (IGS) 21, 360, 438, 1026
-
Page 1356
- Innocent passage 944–948, 1043–1044
- Inspections 995–996
- Institute Clauses 772–773, 860, 879
- Insurance. see also Hull and cargo insurance, P&I Clubs
- bareboat charterers 713
- Bunkers Convention 2001 350–352
- cargo. see Hull and cargo insurance
- CERCLA (United States) 425–426
- certificates of financial responsibility (United States) 52, 261–267, 425–426
- certification
- charterers
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 161
- collisions, pollution resulting from 751–752
- compulsory 825, 856, 857
- demise charterers 713
- financial responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (US) 52, 261–267, 425–426, 843
- financial security under international regimes 161–162, 181–183, 301–302, 382–383, 711, 737–738, 825–843, 1138–1140
- general average 876–879
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854. see also financial responsibility, financial security
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- hull. see Hull and cargo insurance
- industry 9, 791–794, 859–860, 1246–1247
- insufficient 182
- law governing contract 846–849
- lenders. see ship finance
- liability insurance. see P&I Clubs
- mortgagees. see ship finance
- offshore craft 335–336
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- P&I Clubs 791–794
- proximate cause 881
- salvage 663–666
- ship finance 771–772
- war risks 821–822
- wilful misconduct 811–813
- Wreck Removal Convention 2007 1138–1139
- Insurance Directive on the Insurance of Shipowners for Maritime Claims 72, 793
- Insurance industry
- Interest
- Interest groups. see Special interest groups
- Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). see International Maritime Organization
- Interim payments
- Internal exercises 1115–1116
- Internal waters
- International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) 9, 963, 1245–1246
- International Association of Dry Bulk Cargo Shipowners (INTERCARGO) 9, 110, 682, 1294
- International Association of Independent Tanker Owners. see INTERTANKO
- International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) 9, 71, 83, 90, 348, 352, 641, 822, 841, 856, 924, 961, 970, 1193, 1212, 1214, 1216, 1231, 1256, 1286, 1234
- International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters. see Polar Code (IMO)
- International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. see Ballast Water Management Convention
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. see MARPOL
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954. see OILPOL
- International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. see SOLAS
-
Page 1357
- International Convention on Salvage 1989. see Salvage Convention 1989
- International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships. see Anti-Fouling Convention
- International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. see Fund Convention 1971, Fund Convention 1992
- International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969
- International Convention Relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties. see Intervention Convention 1969
- International Group of P&I Clubs 194–195, 793–794. see also P&I Clubs
- International Labour Organization (ILO) 7, 75, 77, 1194, 1208, 1212, 1218, 1286
- International laws and treaties. also. see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)
- International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage 1969 (Brussels) 28, 857
- International Maritime Bureau 87
- International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code 370, 375, 695–697, 953, 976–977
- International Maritime Organization. see IMO
- International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. see IOPC Funds
- International organisations 7–10
- International regimes. see international laws
- International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) 32–33
- International rules to prevent pollution from ships 7, 33–34, 52–53
- Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships 994–997
- enforcement 1227–1247
- international law of the sea
- coastal states. see regulation
- flag states. see regulation
- maritime zones
- regulation by coastal states
- jurisdiction. see international law of the sea, regulation
- Prevention of Pollution from Ships. see also MARPOL
- International Safety Management Code. see ISM Code
- International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. see ISPS Code
-
Page 1358
- International Tonnage Certificates 264–265
- International treaties and conventions. see Treaties and conventions
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 10, 105
- International Union of Marine Insurers (IUMI) 9, 641, 856, 878, 895
- Intersessional Working Groups. see IOPC Funds
- INTERTANKO (International Association of Independent Tanker Owners 9, 63, 71, 272, 710, 856, 1239, 1254, 1286, 1294–1297, 1324. see Table of Cases
- Intervention. see also Intervention Convention 1969
- state intervention. see Intervention Convention 1969, Intervention on the High Seas Act
- Intervention Convention 1969 28, 1038–1043
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- costs 864–874, 1042
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- exercise of right to take measures 1041–1042
- grave and imminent danger 1041
- International Maritime Organization 7–8, 294–295, 1055–1060, 1231, 1236
- “maritime casualty” 1039–1040, 1229, 1241–1243
- pollutants 1041
- right of intervention 1038–1043
- “ship” 1039–1040
- territorial sea 1038–1042
- Intervention on the High Seas Act (United States) 421–422
- Invoices 552
- IOPC Funds (International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds) 8–9. see also Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992
- Administrative Council 174
- Admissibility of claims, under. see Claims
- Assemblies
- claims
- compensation
- constitution 173
- contributions
- criteria for admissibility of claims. see Criteria for admissibility of claims
- decisions. see also Criteria for admissibility of claims
-
Page 1359
- dissolution, 1971 Fund 30, 172, 202
- exclusion of liability 184–185
- Executive Committees
- finance 171, 175–177
- funding by contributors. see contributions
- governing bodies. see Assemblies, Executive Committees
- headquarters 8, 173
- indemnification
- information sources 9, 177–178, 1326
- interest
- interim payments
- Internal Regulations 173
- Intersessional Working Groups (1971 Fund)
- Intersessional Working Groups (1992 Fund)
- Second
- Third
- Fourth
- Fifth (HNS Focus Group)
- Seventh
- definition of “ship”, CLC 92, consideration of, 105
- legal proceedings
- liability. see compensation and exclusion of liability
- limit of Fund’s liability 187–191
- member states 8, 171–172, 209
- Memorandum of Understanding with International Group of P&I Clubs 194–195, 214
- notification, proceedings under Civil Liability Conventions 192–193
- object 8, 30, 171–172
- oil, contributing. see contributions
- oil receivers 175–177
- oil reports 176
- organs 8, 173–175
- P&I Clubs, co-operation with 77, 194–195
- purpose 8, 171–172, 209
- recourse
-
Page 1360
- subrogation 206–209. see also recourse
- Supplementary Fund. see Supplementary Fund
- time limit for proceedings 193–194
- website 8, 177–178
- winding up, 1971 Fund 30, 172, 202
- Working Groups. see Intersessional Working Groups
- Invasive aquatic species 11, 74
- ISM (International Safety Management) Code 53
- ISPS (International Ship and Port Facility Security) Code 67, 133, 292–294, 950, 955, 1247
- ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd) 58–59
- IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 10, 105
- IUMI (International Union of Marine Insurers) 9, 641, 856, 878, 895
- JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) 819–820
- Joint and several liability
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- Bunkers Convention 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- charterers 704–705
- Deepwater Port Act (United States) 46–47
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 819–820
- Judgments. see Enforcement of judgments, Recognition of judgments
- Judicial review 422–425
- Jurisdiction
- admiralty 217–221
- archipelagic waters 950
- arrest 167–170
- Bunkers Convention 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- coastal state control 1240–1244
- conduct 145–147
- courts 163–164, 205–206, 352–353, 390
- dumping at sea 1154–1159
- enforcement 163–170, 352–353, 390
- exclusive economic zone 949
- federal regulatory 221–222
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 9, 362
- high seas 949–950
- incidents affecting more than one state 164–166
- insurance 851–854
- internal waters 948
- IOPC Funds 205–206
- liability risks 324–325
- limitation funds 154, 167–168, 201, 346
- London Dumping Convention and Protocol 1151–1170
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 267–269
- port state control 958–959, 979, 985–986
- recognition 166–170
- straits used for international navigation 950
- territorial sea 948–949
- Wreck Removal Convention 1142–1143
- Labelling
- Law of the Sea. see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- LC, LC/LP. see Dumping at sea, London Dumping Convention 1972 and 1996 London Protocol
- Leasing 306, 315, 672, 775, 778–782, 787
- Legal Committee (IMO)
- Bunkers Convention 2001, preparatory work 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, preparatory work 27, 28
- liability limits, amendment
- Salvage Convention 1989, preparatory work 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- Wreck Removal Convention 2007, preparatory work 298–299, 376, 435, 835–838
-
Page 1361
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579, 783–787
- clean-up costs 868–870
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- Environmental Protection Agency Final Rule 785–787
- federal legislation 776–777
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- Fleet Factors decision 783–785
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 778, 825–854
- indemnities 325–335, 778
- insurance 777–778
- international compensation regimes 775–776
- leasing 778–783
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 777–783, 787–788
- operators 261–267, 776
- owner 775–776
- pledges 778
- Poseidon Principles 788–790
- sale and leaseback 102, 688
- security interest 778
- shares 778
- ship finance 89–90
- state law 787–788
- United States 776–788
- Letters of credit 265
- Liability funds. see also Limitation funds
- Liens. see Maritime liens
- Lightering 1014–1016
- Lights 763–764
- Limitation of actions. see Time limits
- Limitation funds
- Civil Liability Convention 1992. see Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992
- HNS Convention. see Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention
- Limitation of Liability Convention. see Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 (LLMC)
- Limitation of liability 31, 149–161, 344–350, 379–382, 699–701, 891–938, 1135–1136. see also Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 (LLMC)
- acts or omissions 378, 675–683, 756–759, 924–925
- actual fault or privity 38–40, 923–927
- amount of liability limit 151, 380, 927–930, 936
- arrest of ships 167–168
- background 893–895
- bunker pollution 348–350
- Bunkers Convention 344–350
- calculation of limitation tonnage 151–152
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- charterers 699–701, 704–705
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 150–153
- claims subject to limitation 150, 898–919
- colliding ships
- compensation under the
- compensation payments by parties other than the owner or his insurer 160
- conduct barring 152–153, 922–928
- distribution of limitation fund 158–161, 932
- domestic laws 911–917
- economic loss 906
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- Fund Convention 1992 187–191
- general average 919–920
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362, 921
- interest on limitation fund 157–158, 915, 930
- interim payments 158–160, 932–936
- inter-ship proceedings 749–750
- IOPC Funds 187–191
- limitation funds 153–161, 930–936
- Limitation of Liability Act (United States) 37
- LLMC regime, under the 300–301, 700–701, 895–938
- marine environmental claims 891–940
- national currency, conversion into 156–157
- national laws, position under 155–156, 318–320, 921–922
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- onus of proof 31, 927
- owners’ expenses 160–161, 917–918
- parties entitled to limitation 896–897
- payments made prior to distribution of fund 158–161, 932
- “personal” act or omission 152, 924–925
- pilots and their employers 761
- pollution damage 738–740, 745–746, 899–900, 920–921
- property, damage to 904–906
- regimes 31–32, 893–895
- responsible party 230–232, 595
- salvors 630, 919–920
- SDR 28, 894
- “ship” 897–898
- shipowners 917–918
- small tankers 151, 1015
- special compensation 920
- state of mind of person liable 152, 925–927
-
Page 1362
- Supplementary Fund 209
- third parties 918–919
- tonnage
- United States 356
- wreck removal 906–908, 1135–1136
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957 149–152, 891–894, 899–900, 907–911, 922–927
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 (LLMC) 895–936
- amount of liability limit 927–930
- “any distinct occasion” 928–930
- Article 2.1, 900–904
- background 894–895
- bunker pollution 348–350
- charterers 700–701
- charterers’ liabilities 704–705
- Civil Liability Convention, relationship with 920–921
- claims excluded from limitation 919–922
- claims excluded by national laws 921–922
- claims subject to limitation 898–919
- bunker pollution 348–350, 908–919
- clean-up expenses and preventive measures 908–917
- domestic laws 907–908, 911–917
- economic loss 906
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- general principles 900–904
- interpretation of Article 2.1, 900–904
- marine environmental claims 904–919
- owner’s expenses 917–918
- pollution incidents, general considerations 899–900
- property, damage to 904–906
- recourse claim 918–919
- shipowners 917–918
- wreck removal 906–908
- colliding ships
- conduct barring limitation 922–928
- domestic laws
- excluded claims. see claims excluded from limitation
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996 and 2010
- limitable claims. see claims subject to limitation
- limitation fund 930–936
- limitation of bunker pollution claims 348–350
- limitation of liability 927–930
- LLMC Protocol. see Protocol 1996
- onus of proof 927
- parties entitled to limit liability 896–897
- Protocol 1996 936–938
- “ship” 897–898
- special compensation 619–631
- tonnage 151–152
- travaux préparatoires 349–350
- wreck removal 906–908, 1120–1149
- Limitation periods. see Time limits
- Litigation. see Legal proceedings
- Load on top (LOT) system 33–34
- Local authorities. see Public authorities
- LOF. see Lloyd’s Open Form
- London Dumping Convention 1972 (LC) and 1996 London Protocol (LP) 1151–1170
- alternative means of disposal 1161–1164, 1169–1170
- contamination risks 1166–1167
- controls 1154–1165
- emergencies 1165–1168
- enforcement 1158–1159
- explosion risks 1167
- force majeure 1165–1168
- high seas, dumping on
- jurisdiction
-
Page 1363
- pollution avoidance 1168–1169
- prohibitions (black list) 1160
- reasons of health or safety of life 1166–1168
- scheme 1152–1153
- scope of application 1153–1154
- “waste”, definition 1153–1154
- UNCLOS 1150, 1155, 1157–1159, 1164
- Long range identification and tracking systems (LRIT) 952
- LOOP (Louisiana Offshore Oil Port) 46, 52, 232, 248, 305–306
- Loss of image claims 489, 543
- Loss of life 124–126, 381–382, 733–734, 903–905, 934–937
- Loss of profit
- Loss of use or enjoyment 548
- Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) 46, 52, 232, 248, 305–306
- LRIT (Long range identification and tracking systems) 952
- Magnuson Act (United States) 221, 400, 1003
- Malicious acts 133–134
- Managers. see Ship management
- Manning
- alcohol testing 1316
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- drug testing 1315
- foreign tank vessels 1012
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- training 1101–1102
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- US tank vessels 1011–1012
- MarineBio Conservation Society 10
- Marine Debris Co-ordinating Committee 1011
- Marine environment. see Environmental damage, Natural resources
- Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) (IMO)
- Marine insurance. see Insurance, Hull and cargo insurance, P&I Clubs
- Marine mammals, protection of 84
- Marine Preservation Association 1108
- Marine property insurance. see General average, Hull and cargo insurance
- Marine Spill Response Corporation 1108
- Maritime authorities, liability 761–766
- “Maritime casualty”
- “Maritime lepers” 1047
- Maritime liens
- Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) (IMO) 7–8
- Maritime security 955–956. see ISPS Code
- Maritime zones
- Marketing
- MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) 34–35, 53, 293–294, 957–994. see also International rules
- MARPOL 73, 23, 34, 60, 224–225, 1006–1011, 1093–1095, 1110–1112
-
Page 1364
- MARPOL regulations as amended
- accidental discharges 802–803, 1260–1263
- amendments 959–960
- Annex I (oil) 960–971
- Annex II (noxious liquid substances) 971–976
- Annex III (harmful substances in packaged forms) 976–977
- Annex IV (sewage) 977–980
- Annex V (garbage) 980–983, 1264
- Annex VI (air pollution) 983–994
- ballast 370, 1327
- carbon intensity 992–994
- cargo area of oil tankers, requirements for 966–969
- cargo record book 975
- carriage of heavy grade oil as cargo 967
- certificates and certification
- cleaning agents and additives 974
- construction and equipment requirements 963–965
- controlled discharges 968–969, 973, 978–979
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1251–1265, 1306–1307. see also violations
- crude oil washing 969
- design, construction, arrangement and equipment 972–973
- discharges in the Antarctic area 974–975
- discharge conditions 965, 968
- discharge connections 964
- discharge of residues 981–982
- discharge standards 973–974
- domestic laws, relationship between 1289–1290
- double bottoms 966–967
- double hulls 966–967, 1013
- emission control areas
- equipment 968, 972–973, 978–979
- exceptions and exemptions 962, 971–972
- fixed and floating platforms 970
- fuel tank protection 964
- garbage 980–983, 1264
- hazardous or noxious substances 31, 372, 462, 621, 733, 1063, 1132
- IMDG Code 695, 977
- implementation 1009–1011
- international developments 1990–2000 53
- International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) Certificate 263, 963, 1010, 1094, 1104, 1266
- liability. see also criminal offences, violations
- machinery spaces, requirements for 963
- means of control 984–985
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- noxious liquid substances in bulk 972
- offshore craft 961–962
- oil discharge monitoring equipment 968
- oil filtering equipment 964–965
- oil record book 965–966, 969
- oil residues 963–964
- oil tankers 961–962
- oil/water interface detector 968
- operational discharges 22–23, 965, 968, 973–975, 1255–1260
- other construction requirements 967–968
- Polar Code 960
- pollution from offshore operations and craft 293–294, 958, 962, 970, 980–981, 984, 985
- port state control 958–959, 975, 979, 985–986
- prevention 34–35, 969, 970, 975–994
- pre-washes 114–117, 974
- procedures and arrangements manual 975
- reception facilities 969–970
- response measures 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- segregated ballast tanks 370, 966, 1327
- segregation of oil and water ballast and carriage of oil in forepeak tanks 965
- Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP) 975, 1111–1112
- Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) 969, 1111–1112
- sludge 963–964
-
Page 1365
- spoilt cargoes 982, 1153, 1155, 1156
- surveys
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- technical co-operation 994
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- use or carriage of oils in the Antarctic area, special requirements 970–971
- verification of compliance 960, 971, 976, 977, 979, 982–983, 994
- vessel response plans 975, 976, 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- violations. see also criminal offences
- Masters
- Media coverage 41, 513, 531, 536, 539, 558, 1046
- Medical practice 539
- Memoranda of Understanding 1236
- “Methodika” formula 106, 436, 444, 555, 559–560, 563
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (US) 1301
- Misconduct. see Wilful misconduct
- Misrepresentation 813–814
- Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs). see Offshore craft
- Mooring fees 548
- Moral damages, awards 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
- Mortgages
- Multi-party actions. see Class actions
- Nairobi International Convention on Removal of Wrecks 2007. See Wreck Removal Convention 2007 (WRC)
- National Contingency Plan (United States) 1071. see also National contingency plans
- background 1071
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- chemicals 79, 360, 370
- clean-up orders 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- Clean Water Act (United States) 45, 224–229, 397–398, 420–421, 568–572, 575–577, 1302–1306
- costs 864–874
- dispersants 310, 314, 1098
-
Page 1366
- health and safety at work 317
- Incident Command System and Unified Command Structure 1112–1115
- manning 1011–1012
- National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan 1071–1092
- natural resource damage assessment 258
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- penalties 261
- Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) 1115–1118
- removal action 1089
- responsible parties 403–404, 1144–1145
- substantial threats to public health or welfare 613–614
- threat removal 399–402, 408–409, 416–422
- training 1101–1102
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- Vessel response plans 1092–1112
- volunteers 453
- wildlife 457
- National contingency plans
- National courts
- National Incident Commanders 310–311, 1085–1086
- National Interagency Incident Management System 1112–1114
- National laws 302–320, 1187–1189. see State law
- actual fault or privity 38–40, 923–927
- arrest of ships 167–168
- bunker spills 718, 732
- claims 435–436, 921–922
- clean-up costs 868–870
- economic loss 434–437, 491–502
- fisheries 520
- intervention 1120–1121, 1241–1242
- IOPC Funds 186–187, 205, 443, 445
- limitation funds 201, 346
- non-persistent oil 21
- remedies 138–161, 378–379, 491
- National Multiagency Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plans 1071
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 311, 582, 592–601, 1267
- National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) 78–79, 242–253, 257–261, 264–266
- National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program 1102
- National Response Corporation 1108
- National Response Framework 1086, 1116
- National Vessel Traffic Services Regulations 1017–1018. see Natural disasters. Disasters
- Natural phenomenon 132–133
- Natural resources 555–608
- administrative records 595
- admissible claims 564–568
- assessment of damage 556–557
- assessment plan phase 582–583
- causation 512–520, 535, 538–540, 570–571
- CERCLA (United States) 577–590
- Civil Liability Convention 1969 559–562
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 562–568
- claims for environmental damage
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 605, 652, 899
- Clean Water Act (United States) 575–577
- Colorado v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior 581
- common law recovery of damages
- compliance with other laws 593
- costs 564–565, 864–874
- damage 555–556, 569–572
- damages
- Department of the Interior final rules 581–590
- double recovery 605
- ecological damage, awards 47–48
- economic loss 434–437
- emergency restoration 593
- federal trustees 574–575
- fisheries 520
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- funding of studies 568
- Habitat Equivalency Analysis 598
- inadmissible claims 563–564
- IOPC Funds 563–568
- judicial review 422–425, 602–603
- limitation of actions 255–256, 268, 279, 426–427
- loss of profits 504–505, 525–526, 564
- marine environment 436–440
- modern international regimes, position under 562–568
- moral damages, awards 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
- natural recovery 596
- NOAA final rule 592–601
- non-use rules 604–605
- nuisance 569–570
- Ohio v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior 579–581
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 590–601
- policy considerations 443–444, 556–558
- pollution damage 126, 147–148, 341
- post-assessment phase 590
- post-incident studies 565–568
- preassessment phase 582, 593–595
- pre-emption provisions 36, 51, 1021
- pre-incident planning 593
- property damage 486
- Puerto Rico v. S.S. Zoe Colocotroni 576–577
- reasonableness 454–462, 544
- responsible party participation 230–232, 595
- restoration 556
- scaling 597–600
- standards 596–597, 603–604
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- technical issues 556–558
- time limits 1140
- trespass 570
- trustees 1090–1091
- Type A assessment 587–590
- Type B assessment 583–587
- valuation 557
- wildlife 457
- Navigation
- acts or omissions 378, 675–683, 756–759, 924–925
- charts 764
- contributory negligence 136–137, 378, 469, 514, 731, 753, 760, 763, 821
- jurisdiction 950
- lights 763–764
- navigational aides 134–137, 763–764
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- safety of (SOLAS) 952
-
Page 1367
- straits used for 944–945
- tanker 1013–1016
- Negligence 333–334, 392–393, 570. see also Contributory negligence
- alter egos 720–727
- bareboat charter 775, 782, 795
- charterers 704–705
- common law (US) 280
- economic loss 434–437
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 59, 362
- IOPC Funds 185
- lender liability 775–788
- liability 1223–1224
- limits of liability 249–251
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- per se 393–396
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- terminal operators 677–679
- third parties 871, 874, 887
- No cure, no pay 42–43, 471–474, 637–640, 657–658
- Noise pollution 84–85
- Non-governmental organisations 9–10
- Non-persistent oil
- Non-technical measures to promote quality shipping 91, 1246
- Notice
- Notification, IOPC Funds 192
- Noxious substances. see Hazardous and noxious substances
- Nuclear programme, sanctions 88, 817
- Nuclear risks, insurance exclusion 819, 823
- Nuclear ships 953
- Nuisance damages
- Nurdles. see plastic
- OBOs (Oil/Bulk/Ore carriers) 54, 103, 108–121, 136, 353, 758
- OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum) 9, 43, 287, 682, 708–709, 1016, 1248
- Occurrences
- incident, definition of
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 126
- incident, definition of
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). see also Shipment of waste
- Offshore craft 286–294, 298–303. see also Offshore operations
- Offshore facilities
- Offshore operations 283–336. see also Offshore craft, Deepwater Horizon
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- contracts 323–324
- financial security requirements 301–302
- insurance 335
- international conventions, applicability of 291–295
- international regimes 289–302
- safety, security and environmental protection 289–296
- Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement (OPOL) 288, 320–322
- Oil. see also Non-persistent oil, Persistent oil
- barges 107–108
- “bunker oil” 340–341
- bunker spills 353–355, 718, 732
- carriage of 952–953, 967, 1099–1107
- CERCLA (United States) 400
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- Clean Water Act (United States) 224
- combination carriers 108–109
-
Page 1368
- crude 968, 969
- definition 123–124
- discharge of 233–234, 968, 968–969, 1016–1017, 1252–1263
- escape of, measures to prevent or minimize 457–461
- federal oil spill legislation 36
- filtering equipment 964–965
- fuel 990–992
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- intervention 1120–1121, 1241–1242
- not “carried on board” as cargo or bunkers 124–126
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 233–234
- Oil Record Book 965–966, 969
- operational discharges of 965–966
- property damage 486–487
- recovery at sea 455
- removal 1080–1082
- residues 963–964
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- sampling and analysis of 1268–1270
- state response plans 1112
- tankers 961–962, 966–969
- technical issues 56, 437, 522, 556
- transfer operations 679, 970
- unladen vessels 109–113
- vessels adapted for the carriage of 108
- vessels used for storage of oil afloat 120–122
- washing 968, 969
- windblown oil spray 483
- Oil and gas industry 29–31, 1247–1248
- Oil/Bulk/Ore carriers (OBOs) 54, 103, 108–121, 136, 353, 758
- Oil companies
- Oil Companies International Marine Forum. see OCIMF
- Oil filtering equipment 964–965
- Oil industry. see also OCIMF
- Oil major approval clauses 680, 706–709
- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (United States) 229–280
- Act of God 241–242
- act of sole-fault third party 242–248
- act of war 242
- alcohol testing 1316
- bunker spills 718, 732
- charterers 704–705
- claims procedures 258–261, 435–436
- clean-up costs 868–870
- common law 280–282, 491–502, 516–519, 569–574, 720
- contribution 254–257, 876–877
- damages 238–240
- defences 240–241
- discharge of oil 233–234, 487
- double hulls 1013
- drug testing 1315
- dry cargo vessels 64–66, 78, 1111
- economic loss 434–437
- equipment 467–468
- escort vessels 85, 274, 1045, 1052, 1059, 1242
- exclusive economic zone 100, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296
- Exxon Valdez 48–51
- failure to report 254
- federal maritime law 278–280
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- fines and penalties 712–713, 802–803
- gross negligence 249–251
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- indemnities 254–257, 325–335, 778
- joint and several liability 131, 342, 670–671, 715–716
- jurisdiction 267–269
- jury trial 269–270
- legislative background 51
- lender liability 775–788
- liability scheme 229–254
- lightering 1014–1016
- limitation of actions 255–256, 268, 279, 426–427
- limitation of liability 248–254
- manning standards 1011–1012
- mobile offshore units 283, 299, 371–372
- navigable waters 219–220, 234–236
- offshore facilities 231
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund 257–258
- property damage 486
- proximate cause 881
- punitive damages 331–332, 800
- ramifications 51–52
- refusal to cooperate 254
- relationship to other law 270–278
- removal costs 236–238
- reporting 254
- responsible party 230–232, 595
- statutes of limitations 278
- strict liability 236, 393–396, 570
- subrogation 158, 200, 208–209, 745, 751, 935
- territorial seas 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
-
Page 1369
- uniformity of laws 1020
- venue 267–269
- vessel communications equipment 1016
- violation 251–254
- wilful misconduct 249–251, 334–335, 811–813
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) 78, 243, 260, 279, 338, 668, 693, 736
- Oil Spill Preparedness, Response and Co-operation Convention 1990. see OPRC Convention
- Oil Spill Response Organisations (OSROs) 1037–1038
- Oil spill statistics 37–38, 91
- Oil spray, windblown 483
- OILPOL 54, 22, 32–33, 464, 1003
- Oily Water Separator Systems Task Force (OWSSTF) 67
- Oily Water Separators (OWS). see Oil filtering equipment
- Omnibus Rule 808–809
- One-ship companies 161, 721
- Onshore operations, clean-up 466–467
- Onus of proof. see Burden of proof
- OPA–90 (United States). see Oil Pollution Act of 1990
- Operational discharges 22–23, 965, 968, 973–975, 1255–1260
- Operators. see Ship management
- OPRC 1990, OPRC-HNS 2000 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062–1063, 1067–1069
- clean-up costs 868–870
- costs 864–874
- entry into force 13–14, 362–363
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- Exxon Valdez 48–51
- Gulf War 439, 1067
- institutional arrangements 1069–1070
- International Maritime Organization 7–8, 294–295, 1055–1060, 1231, 1236
- port state control 958–959, 979, 985–986
- scope 1063–1064
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- OPRC-HNS 2000. see OPRC 1990
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. see OECD
- Orimulsion 124
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States) 45–46
- Overspill calls. see P&I Clubs
- Owners. see also Shipowners
- alter ego 720–728
- compensation payments by parties other than 160
- definition, Civil Liability and Fund Conventions 101–102, 371
- exclusion of claims against 139–140
- exemptions to defendants other than 1262
- indemnity 838
- interest awarded on claims against 188
- liability 651, 673, 674–675, 677, 685–699, 775–776, 1135–1136
- limit liability 168–170
- recovery of incident response costs incurred by 701–706
- required to be joined in proceedings 838–389
- rights of recovery against 206–207
- Owners of colliding ships. see Colliding ships
- Ozone depleting substances 986, 990, 1022
- Packages 68, 977, 1060
- P&I Clubs 791–858. see also International Group of P&I Clubs
- actual fault or privity 923–927
- arrest of ships 167–168
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- biochem. see chemical, bio-chemical and electromagnetical weapons risks
- Blue Cards 839–841
- Bunkers Convention 2001 835–838
- catastrophe losses 796
- Certificates of Financial Responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843
- certification. see financial security
- charterers 704–705
- chemical, bio-chemical and electromagnetical weapons risks 822–823
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 825, 834–835
- claims office 435–436
- clean-up costs 798–800, 868–870
- contamination 799–800
- contracts with members 793
- contracts, exclusion of liabilities arising under 816–817
- contributions 876–877
- co-operation with 194
- coral reef damage 806–807
- costs 798–799, 804–805, 864–874
- cover provided by International Group Clubs 794–797
- damage 799–800
- damages 800
- defences 809–825
- development 791–792
- direct action against 825–854
- exclusions 809–825
- expenses 798–803, 807–808
- Exxon Valdez 48–51
- financial responsibility under Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843–844
-
Page 1370
- fines and penalties
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- General Excess Loss Reinsurance Contract 796–797
- geographical scope 814–815
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 825
- history 791–792
- hull insurance, exclusion of claims recoverable under 815–816
- illegal, hazardous and improper adventures 817
- IOPC Funds
- ISM Code 824
- land based facilities, exclusion for escape or discharge from 823–824
- legal structure 792–793
- liability 798–809, 844–858
- liability insurance 797–798
- limitation of liability 834–838
- limits 794–798, 809–825
- Lloyd’s Open Form 657–658
- Memorandum of Understanding, IOPC Funds 194–195
- Memorandum of Understanding, large casualties 1123
- Memorandum of Understanding, NOAA 605
- misrepresentation 813–814
- non-disclosure 813–814
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 843–844
- Omnibus Rule 808–809
- overspill 797
- pay to be paid 824
- penalties 261
- pollution liability risks 797, 814
- Pooling Agreement 795–796
- proximate cause 881
- punitive damages 800
- radioactive contamination 823
- reimbursement 807–808
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- salvors 801–802
- sanctions 817–821, 833–834
- seaworthiness 809–811
- special compensation 801
- STOPIA 800–801
- sue and labour expenses 807–808
- terrorism 66–67, 133–134, 807, 821–822, 1116
- third parties 871, 874, 887
- TOPIA 800–801
- TOVALOP 27–28
- unpaid calls 824
- unseaworthiness 809–811
- war risks 132, 184, 807, 821–822
- warranties 392, 689–694, 810–811, 824
- wilful misconduct 811–813
- wreck removal 803–806
- Wreck Removal Convention 2007 835–838
- Parens patriae doctrine 573
- Parent/Subsidiary liability 721–723
- Paris Memorandum of Understanding 45, 1237–1239
- Partial loss 880
- Particular average 879
- Partnerships 101, 225, 670, 719, 720–724, 1303
- Pennsylvania Rule 678
- Persistent oil. see also Non-persistent oil
- Personal injuries
- Piercing the corporate veil 720, 724–725
- Pilots 753–768
- Pipelines 46, 286, 288, 303, 314, 317, 321, 322, 326
- Places of refuge for ships 1044–1062. see also Ports of refuge
- Plant 86, 439, 463–464, 555, 572, 783
- Plastic 1183–1184
- Pleasure craft 481–482, 905
- Pledges 778
- Poincaré francs. see Gold francs
- Polar Code (IMO) 960, 971, 976, 979–980, 983. see MARPOL, SOLAS
- Polar operations, 85–87”
- “Polluter pays” principle 248, 684, 1071, 1093, 1204
- Pollution damage 99–100. see also Environmental damage, Marine environment
- Pollution prevention. see MARPOL, Prevention of pollution, Preventive measures
- Port state control 958–959, 979, 985–986, 995, 999, 1231–1240
- Anti-fouling Convention 2001 995
- Ballast Water Management Convention 2004 999
- Equasis 1239
- IMO guidelines, under 1236
- inspections 1270–1271
- MARPOL 958–959
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- OPRC Convention 1990 1328
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- Paris Memorandum of Understanding 1238–1239
- practice 1236–1240
- regional agreements 1239–1240
- limits on penalties 261
- safeguards 1234–1236
- specialised regulatory conventioins, under 1236
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- violations 958–959
- Ports. see also Port state control, Ports and Waterways Safety Act 1972 (United States)
- charterers 704–705
- claims 544–546
- compensation 1057–1058
- costs 873–874
- damage 482–483
- enforcement 1232–1234
- reception facilities 960
- refuge, of 1057–1058
- response measures 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- security 161–162
- state control 958–959, 979, 985–986, 999, 1231–1240
- unsafety of 762–766
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act 1972 (United States) 1004–1006
- Ports of refuge 865–876. see also Places of refuge for ships
- Poseidon Principles 89–90, 788–790
- Power stations 483
- Precautions
- Pre-emption provisions 36, 51, 1021
- Press. see Media coverage
-
Prestige incident 69–70
- access to places of refuge. see Places of refuge for ships
- changes in law and practice, led to
- CLC 92 and Fund Convention 1992
- classification society
- coastal state authorities
- criminal proceedings
- direct action against insurer 825–854
- ecological damage claims 47–48
- fair treatment of defendants 1279
- France
- maritime casualty, right of intervention in case of 1229, 1241–1243
- moral damages claims 70, 80, 148, 437, 556
- Spanish authorities. see coastal state authorities
- Prevention of pollution. see also MARPOL, Preventive measures
- Clean Air Act (United States) 1020–1022, 1307
- garbage from ships 980–983
- harmful substances carried in packaged forms 976–977
- marine environment 436–440
- MARPOL 34–35, 957–994
- noxious liquid substances 975–976
- oil 960–971
- oil pollution incident 969
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 1011–1017
- OILPOL 54, 22, 464
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States) 1004–1006
- sewage from ships 977–980
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- transfer of oil cargo between oil tankers at sea 970
- Preventive measures 100–101, 126, 434–435, 449–480. see also Prevention of pollution, Response measures
- admissibility
- claims for compensation. see compensation
- in general average. see general average
- charterers, taken by 704–705
- Civil Liability Convention 1992
- clean-up costs. see Clean-up costs
- common safety. see general average
- co-operation. see OPRC 1990
- costs 864–874, 649–650, 704, 706–707, 908–917
- dispersants, use of 310, 314, 1098
- economic loss
- escape of oil, measures to prevent or minimise 902, 905. see also salvage and related operations
- expenses. see costs
- general average
- government authorities. see Government authorities
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 368, 372, 386
- insurance. see marine property insurance, P&I Clubs
- intervention by state. see Intervention Convention 1969
- Lloyd’s Open Form
- cost of operations under. see salvage and related operations
- loss or damage caused by 468–469, 484–485
- marketing campaigns 533–534, 542–544
- oil company clauses governing costs of 706–707
- owner’s expenses
- P&I cover
- personal injury, caused by 469–470, 487–488, 676–677, 733–734
- persons entitled to claim compensation 451–454
- Pollution Hazard Clause 883–885
- pre-spill costs 432. see also Incident
- purpose of measures 471–478, 649. see salvage and related operations
- public bodies 463, 551
- public perceptions 441–442
- reasonableness 454–462, 544
- recovery of oil at sea 455
- rehabilitation of wildlife 457
-
Page 1373
- salvage and related operations
- Salvage Convention 1989. see salvors
- salvors
- shoreline operations 456–457
- state intervention. see Intervention Convention 1969
- technical considerations 437–442
- tourism promotion campaigns 542–544
- volunteers 453
- wildlife rehabilitation 457
- admissibility
- Privity and knowledge 25
- Property damage 486
- abnormally dangerous activities 1097
- bunker spills 718, 732
- charterers 704–705
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- clean-up costs 868–870
- consequential loss 329, 484–485
- contamination 299, 364, 368, 372, 435, 468, 487
- desalination plants 483
- economic loss 434–437
- explosions 21, 276, 283, 304–310, 314–315
- fire 21, 276, 283, 304–310, 314–315
- fish farms and aquacultural stocks 482, 520–521, 530
- fisheries 520
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- loss of market value 483–484
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- personal injuries 396, 558
- pollution damage 126, 147–148, 341
- preventive measures, caused by 100–101, 178–179, 207–208, 343–344
- ships 486
- Proportionality
- Proprietary rights
- Protection and Indemnity Clubs. see P&I Clubs
- Provisional payments. see Interim payments
- Proximate cause 881
- Proximity
- Public authorities
- Public expectations and perceptions 441–442
- Public interest 5
- Public law 1184
- Publicity. Media reports. see Public expectations and perceptions
- Pumping operations 39, 125, 458–460, 484, 1047, 1263
- Radioactive substances
- Radioactive waste shipment 1189–1190
- Reasonableness
- Reception facilities 959, 960, 969–970, 976, 979, 990
- Recognition of judgments
-
Page 1374
- application of Basel Convention 1196–1211
- application of Basel BAN Amendment 1196–1211
- background 1193–1195
- beaching 1220–1222
- Basel guidelines 1196–1211
- classification of ship
- EU regulation 1219–1223
- facilities 1215–1216
- “ghost ships” 75, 1182, 1202, 1208–1211
- hazardous materials remaining on board 1200–1208
- “hazardous waste”, classification of ship as 1200–1208
- import of ships for recycling in OECD states 1208–1211
- Indian cases 1201–1206
- legal framework 1195–1196
- negligence, liability for 1223–1224
- OECD Decision 1208–1211
- ongoing concerns 1224–1226
- “waste”, classification of ship as 1196–1200
- Refuge. see Places of refuge for ships
- Refuse Act (United States) 1300–1301
- Regional contingency plans 227, 400, 1073, 1077
- Regional laws 364, 1288–1298
- Registration of ships
- Reinstatement. see Restoration
- Reinsurance
- Remediation. see Clean-up costs, Remedies, Restoration
- Remoteness
- fisheries 520
- Removal of wrecks 1133–1135. see also Wreck Removal
- Repairs
- Reporting requirements
- Clean Water Act (United States) 225–227
- contracts 323–324
- incident reporting procedure 1031–1032
- National Contingency Plan 1074–1075
- OPRC 1990 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062, 1067–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- Wreck Removal Convention 2007 298–299, 376, 435, 835–838
- Res ipsa loquitur 23, 130, 679
- Research and development 1068–1069
- Residues 114–117, 963–964, 973–975, 981–982
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (United States)
- Response measures 706, 767–768, 1274–1275. see Response measures in United States
- charterers 704–707
- clean-up costs 868–870
- costs 864–874
- International Maritime Organization 7–8, 294–295, 1055–1060, 1231, 1236
- International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate 263, 963, 1010, 1094, 1104, 1266
- intervention 1120–1121, 1241–1242, 449–480
- lightering 1014–1016
- loss 767–768
- Maritime Assistance Services (MAS) 1032–1033
- national contingency plans 1071
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- offences relating to 1274–1275
- oil company clauses 706–707
- OPRC 1990 12, 19, 53, 82, 295, 466, 1030, 1062, 1067–1069
- OPRC-HNS 2000 1030, 1063
- port state control 958–959, 979, 985–986
- public perceptions 441–442
- responsible party 230–232, 595
- shipboard oil pollution emergency plan 1111–1112
- special compensation 619–631
- state intervention 1038–1044
- territorial seas 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
- unreasonable 767–768
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- Response measures in the United States 1071–1118. see also National Contingency Plan
- area committees 1078
- area contingency plans 1078–1080
- area exercises 1102, 1115–1116
- background 1071
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- communications 1074–1075
- contact list 1101
- costs 864–874
- Department of Homeland Security 64, 1073, 1086
- discovery 1088–1090
- dispersants 310, 314, 1091–1092, 1098
- drills 64, 659, 1080, 1093, 1109, 1115
- equipment 467–468, 1108–1111
- exercises 1102, 1115–1116
- Federal On-Scene Coordinator 1074
- funding 1087
- general pattern 1083–1084
- general response plan requirements 1098–1099
- geographic-specific appendices 1102–1103
- Groups I–IV petroleum oil 1104–1107
- hazardous and noxious substances 1087–1088, 1108–1111
- Incident Command System 1112–1115
- industry co-operatives 1107–1108
- initiate, determinations to 1075
- inspection 1107
- internal exercises 1102, 1115–1116
- lightering 1014–1016
- maintenance 1107
- Marine Spill Response Corporation 1108
- National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan 1071–1092
- national priorities 1082–1083
- National Response Corporation 1108
- National Response System 1072–1073
- National Response Team 1073–1074
- nontank vessels 1111
- notification 1074–1075, 1080–1081, 1088–1090
- notification 1100
- offences relating to 1274–1275
- P&I Clubs 1114–1115
- pandemics 1116–1118
- planning 1077–1078
- preparedness 1077–1078
- Preparedness for Response Exercise Program 1115–1118
- qualified individual 1096–1098
- release scenarios 1084–1087
- SARA (United States) 406–409, 578–579
- shipboard oil pollution emergency plans 1111–1112
- shipboard spill mitigation procedures 1100–1101
- shore-based activities 1101
- state oil and hazardous substance response plans 1112
- tankers 1094–1096
- terrorism 66–67, 133–134, 821–822, 1116. see also Terrorism
- training 1101–1102
- triennial exercises 1102, 1115–1116
- trustees for natural resources 1090–1091
- Unified Command Structure 1113–1114
- unmanned tank barges 1104
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- vessel response plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112
- vessel specific information 1103–1104
- worker health and safety 1076–1077
- Restaurants, loss of income 535
- Restoration 555–608
- administrative records 595
- admissibility and assessment of claims 442–448
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 97–170, 344, 652–653, 716–718
- clean-up 440–441, 605
- emergency 593
- Fund Convention 1971 445–448
- implementation 600–601
- national courts 443 natural recovery, 596
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- planning 595–600
- policy considerations 443–444
- practicality 441
- preassessment phase 593–595
- public perceptions 441–442
- regional 600
- scaling 597–600
- selection 597
- standards 596–597
- technical issues 440–441
- Retailers 537
- Revolving funds 411
- Risk assessment 401–403
- Rivers and Harbors Act 1899 (United States) 222–224, 1300–1301
- Robins rule 495–498, 504–510
- Rules to prevent pollution
- Running Down Clause 751, 885
- Safe berths 246, 260, 678, 691, 693
- Safe ports 689–693, 701, 712, 816
- Safety, maritime. see also Maritime Safety Committee (IMO), Solas
- Safety of Life at Sea. see SOLAS
- Salaries 450, 463–465
- Sale and leaseback 102, 688
- Salvage 41–44, 860–861. see also Salvage Convention 1989
- Article 13, 617–619
- channelling provisions 138, 652–653
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 652–653
- clean-up 652
- contracts 323–324, 657–658
- costs 475–476, 864–874
- development of modern law and practice 478, 1046, 1201
-
Page 1376
- enhanced awards 618
- environmental damage 41–44, 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568, 647–650, 655–663
- equipment 467–468
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- government bodies 661–662
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- hull and cargo insurers 860–861
- indemnities 325–335, 778
- insurance 860–861
- International Convention on Salvage 1989 43–44, 611–630
- intervention 1120–1121, 1241–1242
- IOPC Funds 470–480
- liability 653–654
- limitation of liabilities 653–654
- Lloyd’s Open Form 657–658
- manning 1011–1012
- marine environment 436–440
- marine property insurance 904–906
- motives 1276
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 658–661
- operations involving different measures with distinct purposes 478–479
- pollution damage 126, 147–148, 341
- ports, access to. see Places of refuge
- precautions 871–872
- primary purpose test 473–475
- purpose of measures 471–472
- remuneration
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- SCOPIC. see SCOPIC
- special compensation 622–626
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- subrogation 158, 200, 208–209, 745, 751, 935
- third parties 871, 874, 887
- threat removal 399–402, 408–409, 416–422
- traditional principles 490
- United States 655–663
- US Open Form 658
- wreck removal 80–81, 470–480
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- bunker spills 718, 732
- Comité Maritime International 862
- economic loss 434–437
- entry into force 13–14, 362–363
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- International Group of P&I Clubs 194–195, 793–794
- Lloyd’s Open Form 657–658
- marine property insurance 904–906
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- physical damage 490–508, 545–547, 612–614
- preventive measures 100–101, 178–179, 207–208, 343–344
- security 161–162
- special compensation 619–631
- Sanctions 817–821
- SARA (United States) 399
- Scientific issues. see Technical issues
- SCOPIC 630–647
- background 630–631
- development 631–632
- general average 647
- insurance of liability under 751
- terms 632–647
- Article 13 award 639–640
- discount of award 639–640
- liability to pay remuneration 742
- assessment of remuneration 642–643
- incorporation 633–634
- invoking SCOPIC 634
- legal framework 632–633
- payment of remuneration 643–644
- pollution prevention 638–639
- remuneration and tariff rates 637–639
- representatives 640–642
- security 634–637
- termination 58, 644–647
- withdrawal 635–636
- Scrapping of ships. see Recycling of ships
- Scuttling 338, 703, 811–813, 884, 1044, 1150, 1157, 1160, 1193
- SDR. see Special drawing right
- Seafarers, fair treatment of. see Criminal liability
- Seaworthiness
- Security. see also Arrest of ships, Guarantors
- costs 864–874
- enforcement of judgments 163–168, 352–353, 390
-
Page 1377
- lender liability 775–788
- maritime 66–67, 87–89, 955–956
- offshore operations 289–290, 292–296
- salvors 629–630
- SCOPIC 634–637
- ship finance 769–775, 778
- special compensation 619–631
- Salvage Convention 1989 617, 629
- Segregated ballast tanks 370, 1327
- Self-incrimination 1271, 1317, 1323
- Self-insurance
- Set-off 280, 654–655
- Settlements
- Sewage 977–980, 1264
- Shareholder liability 723–724
- ‘Ship’
- Ship finance 89–90
- Ship management 953–954
- actual fault or privity 38–40, 923–927
- Bunkers Convention 298, 349–350, 447–448, 653, 718–719, 835
- channelling provisions 138, 652–653
- Civil Liability Conventions 920–921
- common law 280–282, 491–502, 516–519, 569–574, 720
- contracts 323–324
- corporate veil, piercing 720, 724–725
- joint and several liability 131, 342, 670–671, 715–716
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan (SOPEP) 1111–1112
- Shipboard marine pollution emergency plan (SMPEP) 1111–1112
- Shipment of waste 75–76, 1175–1226. see also Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Waste
- Basel Convention 1178–1184
- European Waste Shipment Regulation 1185–1187
- export controls 1185–1187
- import controls 1184–1185
- international laws 1177–1178
- legal framework 1176
- background 1176
- national laws 1187–1189
- non-compliance 1184
- OECD Decision 1181–1184
- operation of ship 1190–1193
- radioactive wastes 1189–1190
- wastes from ship operations 1190–1193
- Shipowners 97–99
- alter ego 720–727
- charterers 704–705
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- clean-up costs 868–870, 917–918
- collision 751–752, 885
- duties of 616–617
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- expenses 160–161, 184, 386
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- indemnification 757, 778
- IOPC Funds, claims against 184
- liability 129–137, 180–181, 183–184, 194–195, 342–343, 376–383, 384–386, 688–698, 756–759
- financially incapable of meeting obligations 844
- operational discharges 1259–1260
- recourse action by 686–687
- recovery rights of 207–208, 703–705
- salvage 654–655
- Salvage Convention 1989 10, 623, 643, 863, 876, 887
- Shipowner’s Limitation of Liability Act 1851 (United States) 236
- Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments Control and Management 370, 1327
- Shops 535–539
- Shore reception facilities 34, 959, 978–981, 1010
- Sister ships 81, 721
- Slops
- Civil Liability Conventions 113
- Small ships 151, 215, 355, 375, 1139
- Smogs 60, 505, 987, 989, 1020
- SMPEP (Shipboard marine pollution emergency plan) 975, 1111–1112
- Social security
-
Page 1378
- SOLAS 1960 953
- SOLAS 1974 292, 941
- amendment procedure 957
- bulk carriers 956
- carriage of cargoes and oil fuels 952
- carriage of dangerous goods 953
- compliance 956
- construction of ships 951
- dangerous goods 694–698, 953
- fire prevention 951
- high-speed craft 954
- life-saving appliances 951
- maritime safety, measures to enhance 954
- nuclear ships 953
- polar waters 956. see also Polar operations, Polar Code
- radiocommunications 952
- safety of navigation 952, 956
- scope of Convention 950–957
- ship management 953. see also Ship management, ISM Code
- verification of compliance 956
- Solid waste 224, 235, 270, 1188–1189, 1302
- SOPEP (Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan) 969, 1111–1112
- Sovereign immunity. see State immunity
- Special compensation
- Article 13, 619–621
- Article 14, 619–630
- problems with 630–634
- danger, apprehension of 621–622
- environmental damage 621–622, 628
- equipment 627–628
- expenses 626–628
- fair rate 627
- increment 628–629
- Lloyd’s Open Form 657–658
- personnel 627–628
- prevention of pollution 628, 627–628
- salvage 622–626
- security 629–630
- threat removal 625–626
- towage 626
- Special Drawing Right (SDR)
- Special interest groups 453
- Spilling and non-spilling ships. see Colliding ships
- Spills of national significance 1085–1086
- Standards for pollution prevention. see Rules to prevent pollution
- State immunity
- State intervention. see Intervention
- State law (United States) 280. see also Pre-emption provisions
- State-owned ships
- Status of conventions 733, 844, 907, 914, 1128, 1325
- STOPIA 213–216
- Stowage
- Strict liability
- acts or omissions 378, 675–683, 756–759, 924–925
- bareboat charters 775, 782, 795
- bunker spills 718, 732
- CERCLA (United States) 403
- charterers 704–705
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 129
- collision 751–752, 885
- economic loss 434–437
- government authorities, remedies available against 135
- hazardous and noxious substances 393–396
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- natural phenomenon 132–133, 187–188
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- navigational aids 134–136, 763–764
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 236
- Refuse Act (United States) 1300–1301
- shipowner 129–131
- stowage 679–680
- US hazardous and noxious substances 570
- war risks 132, 184, 821–822
-
Page 1379
- Submerged Lands Act (United States) 40, 572
- Subrogation 199–200, 206–209
- Successor corporations 726–727
- Sue and labour 807–808
- Suez crisis 24
- Sulphur 987–989
- Superfund. see also SARA
- Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, (United States). see SARA
- Supertankers
- Supplementary Fund 209–213
- Sureties 265
- Tacit acceptance procedure (IMO) 14–15
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States) 1006–1009
- Tank washing. see Washing
- Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution. see TOVALOP
- Tankers
- bunker spills 109–118, 353–355
- compensation for pollution from. see Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992, CRISTAL, Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992, Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), TOVALOP
- double hull 78, 996, 1013
- escort vessels 85, 274, 1045, 1052, 1059, 1242
- history 20–24
- manning 1011–1012
- MARPOL 961–962, 966–970
- navigation 1013
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 1013–1016
- supertankers 20–24
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- vessel communications equipment 1016
- Tax revenue, loss of 541–542
- Telecommunications 465, 952, 1031, 1132
- Terminal operators 677–679
- Territorial sea
- Civil Liability Convention 1992 99–100
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- definition 944
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution 1296–1297
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
- intervention 1038–1043, 1120–1121, 1241–1242
- jurisdiction in
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- response measures 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- violation in 1240–1241
- Wreck Removal Convention, extention to 1140–1142
- Terrorism
- Texas City Disaster 21, 92, 360, 396, 488, 694
- Third parties
- charterers 704–705
- collision 751–752, 885
- compensation 704
- general maritime law (US) 396
- hazardous and noxious substances 396–397
- insurance 887–890
- IOPC Funds, rights of recovery against 207
- LLMC 918–919
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 232–233
- pilots and maritime authorities 758–759
- rights of recovery against 207–208
- salvage 651–653
- US hazardous and noxious substances 396–397
- Threat removal. see also Prevention
- bunker spills 718, 732
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422, 577–579
- clean-up 365, 451, 468, 652, 899
- Clean Water Act (United States) 45, 224–229, 397–398, 420–421, 568–572, 575–577, 1302–1306
- costs 864–874
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 2010 59, 362
-
Page 1380
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States) 19, 98, 283, 356, 433–444, 738, 777, 966, 1069
- special compensation 619–631
- Time limits
- TOPIA 213–216
- Torrey Canyon incident
- Tort
- Total loss
- Tourism
- Aegean Sea 54–56, 192–193, 469–470, 529–534, 545–546, 550–551, 700–703, 758–760, 901–906
- beach facilities, operator of 537
- camp sites 535, 1175, 1209, 1247
- causation 512–520, 535, 538–540
- Deepwater Horizon 312
- economic loss 434–437
- establishments at uncontaminated locations in polluted area 536
- establishments outside polluted areas 536–537
- facilities on polluted beaches 537–538
- ferry operators 538–539, 546
- Fund Convention 1971 30–31
- goods and services, supplies of 540–541
- Haven 157
- hotels 535–539
- IOPC Funds 534–546
- loss of profits 504–505, 525–526
- marketing 533–534
- medical practice 539
- polluted area, establishments outside 536–537
- postcard manufacturer 541
- promotion campaigns 542–544
- proximity 489–491, 501–502, 512–513, 517–520, 528–531, 534–536
- public authorities 442, 450, 489
- publicity 450, 514, 531–534, 542–544
- reduction 546
- restaurants 535–539
- retailers 537
- shops 535–539
- tax revenue 541–542
- “touristic image”, loss of 489, 543
- travel agents 538
- uncontaminated locations 536
- TOVALOP 27, 58
- Towing vessels 1014
- Traffic separation schemes (TSS) 33, 948
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States) 46
- Transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal 75, 1177–1189. see also Basel Convention, Radioactive waste shipment, Shipment of waste
- Transshipment
- prevention of pollution during 970
- Transport
- Travel agents 538
- Treaties. see International laws and treaties
- Trespass to land
- natural resources 570
- Tugs 476–477, 641–643, 663–664, 872–873, 1287–1288
- Uberrimae fidei 813
- Unified Command System 1112–1115
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- continental shelf 287
- exclusive economic zone, creation of 100, 287, 945–946, 949, 1040–1041, 1295–1296. see also Exclusive economic zone
- framework 6, 942–944
- maritime zones. see Maritime zones
-
Page 1381
- penalties, restrictions on 168–168, 525, 744–745, 1235–1236
- protection of the environment 44–45
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 60, 83, 983
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 75, 1177–1178, 1190–1192, 1212–1213
- United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 92
- Units of account. see also Gold franc, SDR
- Unmanned vessels 1104
- Unpaid calls 824–825
- Unseaworthiness. see Seaworthiness
- US Coast Guard
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420, 422
- Clean Water Act (United States) 226–229
- double hulls 1013
- escort vessels 85, 274, 1045, 1052, 1059, 1242
- financial responsibility 261–267, 425–426
- investigations 308, 1313–1319
- lightering 1014–1016
- manning 1011–1012
- MARPOL 862–864
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States) 1004–1006
- response measures in the United States 706, 767–768, 1274–1275
- US hazardous and noxious substances 359–390
- CERCLA (United States) 415–420
- claims under general maritime law 435–436
- clean-up costs 868–870
- Clean Water Act (United States) 224–229, 397–398, 420–421, 575, 1302–1306
- criminal offences 398–399, 405–407, 1306–1307
- damages 331–332, 435–436
- foreseeability 395–396, 491–495
- Grandcamp 360, 365, 396
- labelling 695, 953, 976–977, 982
- National Contingency Plan 1071
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- proximate cause 881
- stowage 679–680
- strict liability 393–396, 570
- third parties 871, 874, 887
- towing vessels 1014
- US Coast Guard 305, 844
- warranties 392, 689–694, 810–811, 824
- implied 392
- Use of force
- Utmost good faith 813
- Vessels. Design of vessels. see “Ship”, Tankers
- Vessels communications equipment 1016
- Vessel Movement Reporting System 1017
- Vessel Response Plans 1034–1038, 1092–1112. see also Contingency plans, Response measures
- Vessel traffic services 1017–1018
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 12–18, 106, 346, 349, 445, 896, 902, 932
- Voice data recorders (VDRs) 952
- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 989
- War. see also Acts of war, War risks, Warships Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States)
- War risks
- Warnings
- Warranties
- Warships
- Washing
- Waste. see also Dumping at Sea, Hazardous waste, Recycling of ships
- Water pollution. see Clean Water Act (United States)
- Wetlands 572–573
- Wharfingers 496, 678
- Wildlife. see also. see also Birds, Habitats clean-ups
- Wilful misconduct
- Windblown oil spray 483
- Words and phrases
- Acts of God 1301
- bunker oil 340
- carriage by sea 371–372
- clean-up costs 868–870
- consumer products 412, 418
- contiguous zones 944
- deepwater port 46
- double hulls 966–967, 1013
- environmental damage 439–440, 557, 559–562, 568
- extension of credit 786–788
- facility 417–419
- guarantors 206–207, 648, 825–854
- harmful to the marine environment (HME) 436–440
- hazardous substances 1109–1110
- hazardous and noxious substances 369–371
- imminent threat of material damage 1039
- incident 126–129, 341, 373–374
- injury 570–571
- lightering 1014–1016
- maintenance of navigational aids 134–136, 763–764
- marine casualty 1313–1317
- maritime casualty 1039, 1229, 1241–1243
- natural resources 569–581, 590–592
- navigable waters 219–220, 234–236
- navigational aids, maintenance 763–764
- negligence 249–251, 333–334, 392–396, 570, 1223–1224
- non-persistent oil 21
- oil 123–124
- operators 261–267
- owner 101–102, 371, 1131
- persistent oil 123–124
- point source 1023, 1149, 1302
- pollution damage 126, 147–148, 341
- preventive measures 100–101, 178–179, 207–208, 343–344
- public welfare 400, 417, 1303
- related interests 1041
- release 400–409, 411–419, 425–426
- responsible corporate officer 1312–1313
- responsible party 230–232, 595
- ships 102–123, 340, 371, 897–898, 1129
- solid waste 224, 235, 270, 1188–1189, 1302
- substances other than oil 1041
- sufficient cause 419–420
- territorial sea 99–100, 944, 948–949, 1038–1039, 1042–1043, 1140–1142, 1240–1241, 1296–1297
- trespass 570
- vessel 106–123, 229–230, 612
- Workers’ compensation 374, 464
- World Trade Center attacks 66, 133–134, 404–405
- WRC. see Wreck Removal Convention 2007
- Wreck removal 73–74, 80–81, 327, 470–479, 803–806, 906–908, 1120–1149
- Wreck Removal Convention 2007 (WRC) 73–74, 298–299, 376, 435, 1127–1142
- background 1127–1132
- certification and direct action 826–827, 1138–1140
- definitions 1129–1132
- direct action 825–854
- entry into force
- exceptions from liability 1135
- Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), application in 1127–1128, 1140
- financial security 826–827, 1138–1140
- hazard, determination of 1132
- jurisdiction 1142–1143
- limitation of liability 835–838, 906–908, 1135
- relationship with other liability regimes 1137–1138
- rights and obligations as to wrecks 1132–1138
- scope of application 1127–1132
- territorial seas, extension to 1140–1142
- time limits 1140
- Wrecks. see also Wreck removal, Wreck Removal Convention
- Yachts 548
- York-Antwerp Rules. see General average, York-Antwerp Rules