Lloyd's Shipping & Trade Law

The current era is marked by a reliance on new technologies fuelled by data. Human beings and machines are producing data at an unprecedented pace that is reused and analysed in novel manners, including with the use of artificial intelligence. Aggregation of data has become so common that it has its own name: big data. The shipping industry is also undergoing digital transformation. The use of electronic bills of lading is significantly increasing, with benefits not only for shipping operations but more generally for supply chain management and resilience.

According to the IMO's Revised Initial GHG (greenhouse gas) Strategy, international shipping is to reduce its GHG emissions to net zero "by or around, ie close to, 2050".1The three main pillars of this strategy are energy efficiency measures, a technical measure prescribing increasingly less polluting fuels, and an economic measure that puts a price on GHG emissions. The first pillar is underway; the latter two are in negotiation and it is hoped that they will be implemented in the autumn of 2025.

Misdelivery and time bars

Carriers' duty of delivery against original bills of lading

Measure of indemnity in insurance